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The decennial volumes, 1940–2020 read directly; QuickFacts Vintage 2025; the ACS through the Missouri Census Data Center
What it is: the Population leg built the town's census spine from the census volumes themselves, not from any gazetteer's relay: the 1940 Census, vol. I, cities table; the 1950 bulletin Number of Inhabitants: Indiana (tables 4 and 8, its increase columns checked arithmetically at every decade); the 1970 Census, vol. I, part 16 (tables 6–8); the 1990 CPH-2-16, table 5; Census 2000's P.L. 94-171 table PL1 and DP-1; the 2010 and 2020 products; QuickFacts at Vintage 2025 for the present estimates; and STATS Indiana's township counts, 1890–2020, for the Penn Township series, with the ACS 2020–2024 profile through the Missouri Census Data Center for composition. The Black History leg read the 1970 race line directly from the same volume's chapter B, tables 27 and 28 — the two tables agree: Negro 107 (57 male, 50 female) of 35,517, three-tenths of one percent — closing the counts gap at 1970 first-hand.
Its standing, from this build's experience: the volumes repay the direct read: the 1970 volume's own annexed-area accounting (34,262 in the 1960 area; 1,255 annexed) makes it the one self-apportioning census in the series, and the 1950 bulletin's arithmetic, checked decade by decade, is how the Story of Mishawaka section's peak and growth claims stand.
Where it fails: in its machine text and its bases. The 1950 bulletin's text layer is partially scrambled, and the Story of Mishawaka section's 1950 final digit rests on it — the settling read is the bulletin's table 4 at page image (pp. 14-9/14-10), named and unmade. The 1970 volume's revised basis (36,060) conflicts with the place-table basis (35,517) the race tables conform to; the conflict is printed whole, and the Population file owns it. The failures that deserve their own entry follow.
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