Chapman's 1880 census, with the names behind its lines

1880, cross-read against the 1875 directory and the 1880–81 gazetteer

Chapman counted establishments; the directories name them — and the two do not map one-to-one, which is itself the finding. Chapman's town in 1880: two large dry-goods establishments, two boot-and-shoe stores, one drug-and-hardware, one grocery-and-hardware, one planing-mill and manufacturing establishment, one gristmill, one millinery, one butcher, one barber, four physicians, three churches, one schoolhouse. The named carriers give the lines faces. For the two "large" dry-goods lines stand three general-store names — Norman S. Miller's general store, Houser Brothers' general store, and Cullar & Olenger's general store, all in Polk 1880–81 — the census counting establishments, the directories naming them, the mapping not one-to-one on the record reached. The boot-and-shoe lines: Fred Young, boot and shoe maker (atlas 1875, from Germany, settled 1858; Polk 1880–81), the second shop unnamed in carriers reached. The drug-and-hardware and grocery-and-hardware lines sit against Daniel Hoffman, "drugs and groceries," and J. C. Anderson, hardware — the nomination calls Hoffman's the "likely" 1880 match, an identification printed as the nomination's inference, not as fact, and standing as a conflict. The planing-mill line is the Manufacturing Company with Knepp & Houser's saw and planing mill beside it; the gristmill, McKenzie & Bowen; the millinery, Mrs. J. J. Garrard in 1880–81, Lydia Swank by 1882–83; the butcher, Ports & Matz's meat market; the barber, John F. Irvin; the four physicians, A. S. Campbell, W. W. Hitchcock, J. O'Conner, and J. A. Varier. And Chapman does not count the blacksmiths the directories swarm with — E. T. Lee and B. F. Berger in Polk, with H. C. Baker, John N. Fetzer, and John Keesy added by the atlas — a census of the town's storefronts, not of its trades.