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1847–1955 · THE INDIVIDUAL TESTS HEALTH.HTML DID NOT RUN
Cholera — its seat in this county was an institution in Clay Township, and its name is in conflict: Notre Dame, in Clay Township west of the present CDP line, lived the county's cholera years as its own disaster. Hope's centennial history prints the frame: "At various times during eight years, from 1847 to 1855, an exhausting epidemic of malarial fever and cholera so oppressed the faculty and students that the University almost closed its doors" — in autumn 1847 a sister died at Bertrand and twenty sisters were violently ill while Fathers Sorin, Granger and Cointet sickened at the lakes. The catastrophe was late summer 1854. Sorin's own Chronicles, contemporary to the event, name it precisely: "The prevailing epidemic was a combination of diarrhea and typhoid fever which, in most cases, no remedy could arrest. For several months the house was nothing but a vast hospital." His death roll: Fathers Curley and Cointet and a postulant, J. Flynn; five Brothers (Alexis, Dominic, Amedee, Joseph, Daniel) and two postulants; five Sisters and two postulants; one apprentice; three students. The conflict, printed whole: Sorin heads the chapter "Twenty-two Deaths" and in a letter to Moreau counts eighteen members dead, "including three students … or one out of five"; Wack's archival history, working from Father Granger's obituaries and the burial records, concludes the 1854 disease was typhoid (typhus/typhoid as then used) plus dysentery — Sorin's identification, made on the spot — and that the "cholera" identification enters through the later Silver Jubilee and Golden Jubilee histories, which Hope follows. Cholera had genuinely struck the college's circle in earlier years (two students died of cholera at home in 1853, per the same notes). This addendum therefore prints the 1854 epidemic as typhoid-and-dysentery on the contemporary record, cholera on the institutional tradition, 18 religious dead on Sorin's letter count against 22 deaths in his chapter total — and prints no single name or number as settled. For Clay and Harris farm ground outside the college, no cholera case, death or burial was reached in any record in this run: the river-town course Health & Care assigns to South Bend stands, and the township cholera item closes as a tested negative at open-record strength, with the township cemeteries' 1832–1855 stones (Cemeteries leg) as the settler.
Typhoid — the same water, a longer course: typhoid is the disease the 1854 record actually names, and its mechanism was the valley's water — wells and lake water fouled by the institution's own wastes, in Wack's analysis, compounded by the marsh west of the college that the community itself blamed in 1855. At city strength the river-water years are South Bend's build's; at township strength this run reached no typhoid case series, no well-cluster, and no death count separable for Clay or Harris in any open source — the State Board of Health's bulletins count typhoid by county and sanitary section, not by township. The township typhoid item therefore closes on Health & Care's own terms, confirmed explicitly: township incidence is a NAMED GAP; the settler is the county death-record series (St. Joseph County Department of Health vital records, from 1882) read against the township cemeteries — the same settler class as GAP-HLT-8, which this section confirms the open record still cannot replace.
Smallpox — tested individually, and found, at county size: the State Board of Health's Monthly Bulletin counts smallpox county by county, and St. Joseph County is in the tables in the pandemic winter itself: January 1919, 3 cases in St. Joseph County (state: 255 cases in 31 counties, 1 death); March 1919, 11 cases in St. Joseph County (state: 463 cases in 36 counties, 1 death). No township breakout exists in the bulletin — the county is the smallest unit — and no smallpox death for the county is printed in either month. That is the record's size for smallpox here: a present, counted, non-fatal-in-print disease of the county in 1919, invisible at township level. Earlier smallpox years (the vaccination-era episodes) were searched in the open web record and no St. Joseph County episode narrative was reached; that sub-item is a tested negative at web strength, settler: the Tribune/News-Times file and the Board's annual reports 1881–1918 at the Indiana State Library.
Diphtheria and scarlet fever — tested individually, present in the state's tables, uncounted for this county in the months read: both diseases run through the 1919 bulletins' prevalence orders for every sanitary section — scarlet fever second only to influenza in early 1919, diphtheria and croup constant in the lists — and the bulletins' county tables carry their death columns, but the narrative county case lists the bulletins print for smallpox are not printed for diphtheria or scarlet fever, and this run did not extract a St. Joseph County case count for either from the tables reached. No school-closure, quarantine or death episode touching Clay or Harris township schools was reached in the open record. Verdict for both: NAMED GAP at township strength, confirmed against Health & Care's settler class — the Board's annual reports 1918–1920 read whole at the Indiana State Library, the county death records, and the township school records (Schools section) are the settlers; the open web record cannot reach them, and this section says so rather than dressing the state prevalence lists as a local count.
Influenza, the January 1920 return — counted at the strength that exists: the pandemic's third wave is a dated, national fact with state numbers: federal Public Health Reports comparison tables (3 Mar. 1922) print the first-eight-weeks case series for 1920 against 1919 and 1921 state by state, with the 1920 wave cresting in late January and February — Indiana's reported cases running in the thousands per week at the crest — and the death tables for influenza-and-pneumonia in the large cities alongside. Indiana's own reported whole for the main epidemic, as the state's histories summarize the Board's figures, was 154,600 reported cases September 1918–February 1919 against a federal estimate of about 350,000 actual, and about 10,000 Indiana deaths. What does not exist, at any strength this run could reach, is a St. Joseph County count for January–February 1920 separable from the county's 1918–19 course, and still less a township count: Health & Care's GAP-HLT-2 (the 1918–1920 township toll; settlers: Board annual reports 1918–1920, county death records, cemetery stones) is therefore confirmed as the honest close for the township and CDP level, and this article's state-and-federal count is the ceiling the open record sets over it. The county course itself remains South Bend's build's, whole, as Health & Care prints.
Polio and tuberculosis — the incidence half, closed on the named settler, explicitly: Health & Care seats polio at county strength with a pointer (children's-hospital service in South Bend; Salk vaccine through the schools in 1955) and tuberculosis at its institution: Healthwin, the county tuberculosis hospital on Darden Road in Clay Township, geocoder-tested outside the CDP line. This run adds the regime frame the row's pattern names: Indiana's county-sanatorium system of which Healthwin was this county's instance was the same system that produced Fort Wayne's Irene Byron Sanatorium (dedicated 1919, named for a Red Cross nurse dead in the war) — printed here as the state pattern at pointer size only, because Irene Byron is Allen County's institution, not this county's. For township case counts of either disease, this run searched the open record and found no instrument that counts below the county: GAP-HLT-8 is confirmed as the honest close for township TB and polio incidence, settler: the St. Joseph County Department of Health's annual reports — with this addition from the health-office article below: the department's own published annual reports reached in this run (2014, 2015) print program tables, not historic incidence, so the settler means the department's archived reports of the sanatorium and vaccine decades specifically.
Sources:
- Edward Sorin, Chronicles of Notre Dame du Lac (Toohey translation), ch. XIII (1854) — the "combination of diarrhea and typhoid fever," the named death roll, "a vast hospital"; Sorin to Moreau, 1854 (Brother Aidan's Extracts 135, Notre Dame Archives) — eighteen members dead, "one out of five."
- John Theodore Wack, Notre Dame: Foundations, 1842–1857, ch. VI §3 and its notes (Notre Dame Archives) — the typhoid identification from Granger's obituaries and burial records; the cholera identification traced to the Silver Jubilee/Golden Jubilee histories; the 1847 Bertrand sickness; the marsh-and-wells causation debate of 1855. Arthur J. Hope, Notre Dame — One Hundred Years (1942), ch. VI, excerpted at news.nd.edu — "malarial fever and cholera … 1847 to 1855," the cholera tradition at full strength. CONFLICT printed whole in the text.
- Indiana State Board of Health, Monthly Bulletin vol. XXII no. 1 (Jan. 1919) and no. 3 (Mar. 1919) — smallpox county lists: St. Joseph 3 cases (Jan.), 11 cases (Mar.); state totals 255/31 counties and 463/36 counties, 1 death each month; prevalence orders for scarlet fever, diphtheria and croup.
- U.S. Public Health Service, Public Health Reports vol. 37 no. 9 (3 Mar. 1922) — the first-eight-weeks influenza case and death comparison tables, 1919–1922; Indiana pandemic totals as summarized from the Board's reports (154,600 reported cases Sept. 1918–Feb. 1919; ~350,000 estimated; ~10,000 deaths), via the Indianapolis epidemic history (Urban Times / Center for the History of Medicine).
- Indiana Magazine of History 117 (Mar. 2021), Fort Wayne's anti-tuberculosis crusade — the Irene Byron Sanatorium dedication (1919) and the county-sanatorium pattern, including its contemporary comparison to South Bend's sanatorium; printed as state pattern only.
- Health & Care, GAP-HLT-2 and GAP-HLT-8 — the settlers named there, confirmed per item in this article.