Granger, Indiana
Timeline
513 dated events, in order. Each gives the passage that dates it and a link to its full account.
The first 234 dated events are on this page. Scroll to load the next decades, or open 1930s and later decades directly.
Before 1700 2 dated mentions
- 1679The first passage, and the French century upriver
December 1679: The first European passage of this valley in the record is La Salle's, and it is dated to the month.
- 1679–1911The working river: keelboats, steamboats, the lock, and the races
The St. Joseph–Kankakee portage, passable at all times of year over solid high ground, tied the lake river to the Kankakee and so to the Illinois country; in 1679 La Salle, with thirty men including Hennepin and Tonty, passed up the river from Lake Michigan to the head of the portage…
18th century 4 dated mentions
1770s
- 1775–1869Soldiers before the townships: the Revolution's and 1812's men who came later
The Clay Township man the county list omits: Isaac Eaton, born in Loudoun County, Virginia, on 24 January 1775 — "having been born after his father's death," his grandson's biography in Howard says…
1780s
- 1787–1850First families of record: the Black Laws, the county's first settlement, and the Powell freedom case
Indiana was technically a free state — the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 and the state constitution of 1816 both banned slavery — and practically a closed one.
1790s
- 1793–1866The law over their heads, whole: fugitive machinery, the Black Laws, Article XIII, and the register that does not survive for this county
The federal machinery came first, and the Norris charge states it: the Fugitive Slave Act of 1793 let a master or agent seize an absconding person and take him before a judge to prove the claim, and laid a $500 penalty, recoverable by the claimant, on anyone who obstructed the arrest, rescued the fugitive, or…
- 1795The treaties that did not touch this ground
Proximity is not cession, and the instruments that passed this ground by are named so that none is ever inflated into a taking: The Treaty of Greenville (1795) ceded the Ohio country and a schedule of reserved tracts about the lakes and the Wabash posts; none of its ground lies in the St. Joseph valley.
19th century 163 dated mentions
1800s
- 1801–1895The militia years: the county's standing companies, named from organization forward
The county's militia begins as Indiana's does: the Indiana National Guard's own history traces the institution to 1801, when the Indiana Territory organized militia companies to defend the settlements, and the forefathers of the 151st Infantry fought under General William Henry Harrison at Tippecanoe in 1811.
- 1802John Koker: the Swiss emigrant of 1824, by way of Clay to Harris
The tie, exactly: settler — born in Switzerland in January 1802, a son of Benedict and Mary Koker; came to America in 1824 and lived in Ohio until 1846, then came to this county, living first in Clay Township and removing to Harris in 1847, where his eighty acres lay on Section 22.
- 1808George Hassig: Strasburg to Section 16 by way of Stark County
The tie, exactly: settler of the second wave — born at Strasburg, France, on 17 November 1808, a son of John and Barbara Hassig; came to America in 1832 and to Stark County, Ohio…
1810s
- 1812Jacob Shimp: "the last Jackson voter in St. Joseph county" — carried at county strength
His birth year is printed both ways because Howard's own sketch gives both — 1812 at its head, 1811 in the family record it quotes.
- 1816The grid on this ground: meridian, state line, and the fractional tier
The state's northern boundary — the line ten miles north of Lake Michigan's southern extreme set by the enabling act of 19 April 1816, and run on the ground by Eleazer P. Kendrick in October 1827 from William Harris's corner of June 1817, a wooden post at every mile to the 105th mile…
- 1816–1881The law over their heads: Black Laws, Article XIII, and the 1851 exclusion vote — frame whole, county count a named gap
The Black Laws, in the order they closed in: Indiana's first constitution (1816) barred Black men from voting and from the militia, and the statute book of the free state then built the rest of the cage: no testimony by a Black witness against a white party, no public schools.
- 1817Joseph L. Krupp: blacksmith first, then 440 acres — and Susan Krupp, a patron in her own name
The tie, exactly: settler and tradesman — born in Germany on 1 January 1817, a son of Charles and Catharine Krupp, whose family came to Seneca County, Ohio, in 1833…
1820s
- 1820–1975The township's own law: the justice of the peace and the constable
Indiana's justices date to 1820 — constitutional officers, elected by each township, laymen as often as lawyers — and their courts were built for exactly the ground this section covers: countywide jurisdiction over petty crimes, small civil claims, and marriages, close enough to reach on foot and cheap enough to use without counsel.
- 1821–2026Commitment as law: who could commit, to where, and how it changed
The law's first answer was the poorhouse itself: the 1821 act that created county poor asylums opened them to the insane, and the county superintendent was charged in 1848 to be a person of medical knowledge who would "care for the sick, infirm and insane."
- 1824Michael Smith: the German child of 1826 who ended with 380 acres and a Granger post office
The tie, exactly: settler — born in Germany on 24 August 1824, a son of Frederick and Elizabeth Smith, whose family crossed in 1826 and wandered the era's immigrant road — New York, Buffalo, Canada, Stark County, Ohio — before Michael came to this county in 1842 and built a 380-acre stock farm on Section 17.
- 1825Christian Schneck: out of Germany in 1853, six years in Berrien County, then Section 9
The tie, exactly: settler of the late wave — born in Germany on 10 July 1825, a son of Adam and Margaret Schneck; left Germany in 1853; spent six years from 1854 in Berrien County, Michigan, and then came to this township, where his farm was ninety-three acres on Section 9.
- 1826The state as landowner: the road grant, the school section, the swamp lands
By the second article of the 1826 treaty the Potawatomi granted a strip one hundred feet wide for a road from Lake Michigan to the Wabash, "and also a quantity of good land, contiguous to the said road, equal to one section for each mile of the said road," with the like quantity for the road's continuation toward the…
- 1827The survey: a fence run before the cession
An act of 2 March 1827 authorized the marking of the line, and Surveyor General Edward Tiffin contracted deputy Eleazer P. Kendrick, whose field notes open on 8 October 1827 at the lake's southern extremity: from the 1817 corner he ran east, setting a wooden post at every mile, to the 105th mile.
- 1828The taking, instrument by instrument: the cession of 1828
This ground's Indian title was extinguished by one instrument, and the instrument's own terms are the record: The treaty concluded 20 September 1828 "at the Missionary Establishments upon the St. Joseph, of Lake Michigan" — Carey Mission, by present Niles…
1830s
- 1830The settlers of 1830
The township's first name is a settler's: "The prairie and the township both received their name from Jacob Harris, who settled in the township in 1830."
- 1830Jacob Harris: the namesake of the prairie and the township
The tie, exactly: settler, 1830 — the man Harris Prairie and Harris Township are named for. Howard's sentence is the record's core: "The prairie and the township both received their name from Jacob Harris, who settled in the township in 1830."
- 1830Samuel Bell: a first land entry and a marriage into the Harris household
The tie, exactly: settler, 1830 — one of the two men whose entries of 19 April 1830 are the first in St. Joseph County's land record, and Jacob Harris's son-in-law, who "came with his father-in-law" on Howard's telling.
- 1830The Ringles: Adam, and David with his sons Samuel and Levi — three sections of one surname
Adam Ringle came in 1830 with the first party, on both histories, and settled Section 15; he died before Chapman wrote in 1880.
- 1830Harris Prairie: the named opening in the barrens
Howard's county history states the naming directly: "The prairie and the township both received their name from Jacob Harris," who settled on it in 1830; Samuel Bell, his son-in-law, came with him, and David and Josephus Baldwin the same year or the year before.
- 1830Into market: the first entries in the county were made on this ground
Surveyed and ceded, the ground could be bought — and the county's market opened here: Chapman's county history states the opening plainly: "The lands in St. Joseph county, although ceded to the United States Government some years previous by the Pottawatomie Indians, did not come into market until the spring of 1830.
- 1830Where the paper lives, and the map made private
This ground's land paper has always lived in South Bend, and the county built its archive deliberately: The county seat is six miles southwest of the frame, and the deeds, mortgages and school-land instruments of these townships were recorded there from the beginning, in the office of the county recorder…
- 1830–1834Before the cemeteries: burial on a settlement ground
The settlers of 1830 buried their first dead four years before this ground had a burying ground: Harris Prairie Cemetery's sign and record date its opening to 1834 — after the first land entries of April 1830, and two years before Harris Township itself was organized in January 1836.
- 1830–1850Breaking the prairie: the first crops, 1830–1850
Chapman's Harris Township chapter, read first-hand for this build, records that Jacob Harris, who came in 1830 and settled on Harris Prairie, "raised the first wheat that was cut in the township, it being harvested in 1831," and that his neighbor Jacob Meyer, come the spring of 1831 and still living on section 15 in…
- 1830–1907The prairie trade: a farm economy with no mill seat and no plat
The settlers Howard names from 1830 — Jacob Harris, for whom the prairie and then the township were named; David and Josephus Baldwin; Samuel Bell; Adam Miller; Adam Ringle; and the families who followed, Buell, Augustine, Meyer, Hartzell, Kennedy, the Ringles, Zaehnle, the Irvins, Lowry…
- 1830–1987Before the clinics: the townships without a doctor
On the evidence of the county's own histories, it is the record, and it held, on every source reached, from the first cabins of 1830 until the clinic era of the 1980s.
- 1830–2026The era structure, in five parts: every fortune on this ground assigned to its era
First era — trading and land: The ground's first wealth was land taken up at the April 1830 entries and after, and it stayed land: the settler fortunes of the People leg are farm accumulations…
- 1830–todayThe prairie nodes: Harris Prairie and the names the plats absorbed
Before the hamlet, the settlement was a prairie: the first community node of the ground is the Harris Prairie settlement itself — the joint Bell–Harris land entries of 19 April 1830 in Section 11, Township 38 North, Range 3 East, the county's first two land entries, taken by the party that gave the prairie and the…
- 1831Joseph Buell: Section 15, 1831
The tie, exactly: settler, 1831, on Section 15 — one of the four households (with Meyer, Augustine and Hartzel) that Chapman's chapter plants on that section in the settlement's second year.
- 1831Henry Augustine: Section 15, 1831
The tie, exactly: settler, 1831, on Section 15, in the same second-year party as Buell, Meyer and Hartzel on Chapman's chapter.
- 1831Hartzel: the settler the record kept only as a surname
The tie, exactly: settler, 1831, on Section 15. Howard's roll gives him as "Mr. Hartzell"; Chapman gives "Hartzel," settled 1831 on Section 15.
- 1831The enforcement succession: the sheriff's line, in the anchors the record keeps
The founding names stand in the first-law article: Samuel L. Cottrell, paid for sheriff's services in September 1831 and described by Chapman as holding the office "for several terms," and Benjamin McCarty, sheriff by the November term of 1831.
- 1831–1880Flour first: the first wheat of 1831, and the mill that stood outside the line
Chapman's county history (1880), in its Harris Township chapter, records that Jacob Harris, who came in 1830 and settled on Harris Prairie, "raised the first wheat that was cut in the township, it being harvested in 1831," and that his neighbor Jacob Meyer, come the spring of 1831, helped cut the crop.
- 1831–1900The wheat era and its passing
On the family farms the wheat years are visible only at the record's smaller size: the 1831 first cutting, the 1835 frost, and the pattern of the 1875 directory, in which Harris's patrons describe themselves not as wheat growers but as produce and stock men — the directory's own words are the next entry's subject.
- 1831–1907The county asylum first: the poorhouse, its insane charges, and their conditions
The county's first asylum course is the poorhouse course, and it begins in rented rooms: in 1831 the St. Joseph County commissioners began renting houses in South Bend for the destitute, qualifying them by "age, infirmity or other misfortune."
- 1831–1914Before the daily: the county press reaches the prairie
The county's press begins at the county seat: the Northwestern Pioneer and St. Joseph Intelligencer of 1831 stands at the head of the MPHPL holdings list's South Bend titles, and the line runs through the St. Joseph Valley Register — the weekly at which the Tribune's founders learned the trade — to the dailies of the industrial era.
- 1831–1984The first ledger is the home market: produce, stock, and through freight, 1831–1984
Chapman’s History of St. Joseph County (1880) records that Jacob Harris, come in 1830, “raised the first wheat that was cut in the township, it being harvested in 1831,” with his neighbour Jacob Meyer helping to cut it — wheat being, in the banked farms leg’s words, “the cash crop a new prairie could sell.”
- 1832The clerk's line: L. M. Taylor at the first court, Amy Rolfes, Stephanie Ball — and the long middle the record has not printed
The first clerk the record names: The county's first circuit court of which there is any record sat on 22 October 1832, in the bar-room of Calvin Lilly's tavern, Judge John R. Porter presiding…
- 1833Robert Kennedy: the first schoolmaster, in the first schoolhouse
The tie, exactly: settler, 1833 on Chapman's dating — his cabin stood on Section 14 — and, on Howard's first-hand record, the first schoolmaster of Harris Township, teaching in the township's first schoolhouse, a log building fourteen by sixteen feet with a stick-and-mud chimney.
- 1833–1834The Lowrys: James of Leeds by way of Delaware, his son's 350 acres, and the grandson who founded the village's trade
The tie, exactly: settlers, 1833 — with the variance printed whole. Howard's biographical sketch of the grandson carries the family in: James Lowry, born at Leeds, Yorkshire, came to America by way of Delaware and in 1833 entered the Harris Township farm, dying about 1840 at forty-nine.
- 1834Arbogast Zaehnle: the 1834 arrival whose farm his son was still working in 1907
The tie, exactly: settler, 1834 — and here the dating needs care, printed whole: Howard lists Zaehnle among the "very early settlers" without a year; Chapman dates the coming to 1834, on Section 22, with Zaehnle still residing there in 1880…
- 1834William C. Kownover: the pattern maker who took charge of a widow's farm in 1865 — or 1868
The course: Kownover was of the Dutch Kovenhoven line, born in Limestone Township, Columbia County, Pennsylvania, on 25 December 1834 to Richard and Katharine (Dye) Kownover.
- 1834The first bank: the State Bank of Indiana's South Bend branch — and its documented absence here
The first bank of the county record is the State Bank of Indiana, chartered January 28, 1834, with headquarters at Indianapolis and authority to establish ten district branches.
- 1834–todayThe burying grounds: Harris Prairie and Salem
The place's oldest religious institution is a cemetery: Harris Prairie Cemetery, at 14500 Adams Road, carries a sign and a record that agree — established 1834, four years after the first settlers, two years before the township itself was organized.
- 1835Two civil townships carved out of one: Harris, then Clay
A Washington Township was ordered on 4 May 1835 for this territory and the order was canceled.
- 1835–1842A township made, unmade, and trimmed
The civil frame came in three orders and one cancellation: on May 4, 1835, an order formed Washington Township in the county's southeast corner — and the order was canceled.
- 1836Harris Township: the trustee, the board, and the township's own services
Harris Township is the senior government of the designated place: formed by order of the county commissioners on January 5, 1836 — an earlier order forming a Washington Township on overlapping ground, dated May 4, 1835, was canceled…
- 1836–1930The station test: "no business of any kind is done"
Clay Township's first election, in 1840, was held in "Brooks' barn" (Chapman) — a barn, not a tavern; the county's older townships held their first elections in taverns, as Chapman's Union Township chapter shows with Earl's tavern in 1836, and that chapter belongs to Lakeville's township in the county's south and is…
- 1837–1903Every dam on the reach — and the printed negative for Juday Creek
Mishawaka's first dam, 1837. The Indiana Historical Bureau marker at Race and First Streets, Mishawaka (marker 71.1968.1; HMdb gives 41°39.752′N, 86°10.676′W), records: "The original dam, providing power for which Mishawaka was noted, was completed in 1837.
- 1838–1840The removal of the rest
The Trail of Death, 1838: The reserve the Tippecanoe treaties carved at Twin Lakes, in Marshall County one county south, was sold under the Yellow River treaty of 5 August 1836 — a signature Menominee himself protested, on 4 November 1837, had been forged for him.
1840s
- 1840John W. Griffith: four years to a day under Sheridan, then Sunny Banks Farm
The tie, exactly: a state-line life — born a mile into Michigan, on 18 November 1840, and reared on a farm the state line ran through with the house on the Michigan side…
- 1840–1842Clay Township: the western government of the place
Clay Township is the younger of the place's two townships, and the larger: it was assembled in part from Harris Township's west side — a detachment a section and a half in width on May 5, 1840, and another half section on December 7, 1842, on Howard's first-hand record…
- 1841The clerk's desk and the auditor's desk: the anchors of two successions
This desk holds the ground's most surprising early name: in 1841 Schuyler Colfax, later Speaker of the U.S. House and Vice President, was appointed St. Joseph County deputy auditor, a clerkship on the desk a decade and a half before his congressional career (see the federal article below).
- 1841–todayThe farmers' institutions in a row: mutual, market, bureau, extension
The sequence begins with the agricultural society of 1841, whose fair share is the next entry's.
- 1841–todayTwo Townships at the County Fair
The institution, at pointer size: the county's first agricultural society was organized at South Bend on 12 June 1841 under the state act of 19 February 1838, held one exhibition that October, and slept…
- 1842–todayThe lodge-by-lodge run: the county's great orders, each as an institution — none of them seated here
The Masons are the county's oldest order on paper: Farr's South Bend City Directory for 1883 lists St. Joseph Lodge No. 45 (instituted 1842), South Bend Lodge No. 294 (instituted 1863) and Germania Lodge No. 301 (instituted 1862), with South Bend Chapter No. 29, Royal Arch Masons (instituted 1855), all meeting at…
- 1842–todayThe trades whole: undertakers, and the trades with no heading
The house now named McGann Hay was founded in November 1842 as the Notre Dame Undertaking Parlor, by Father Edward Sorin and Brother Francis Xavier — the brother became the university's mortician and coffin maker, steward of the Community and Cedar Grove cemeteries, and in time a licensed Indiana mortician…
- 1843Joseph Meyer: the second generation, superintending the 460 acres
The tie, exactly: native son — born in St. Joseph County on 26 July 1843, a son of Jacob and Catharine Meyer, and by 1880 the working head of his father's farm: Chapman prints him as superintending the 460-acre Meyer farm on Section 15, the acreage his father's entry above accumulated.
- 1843John A. Zaehnle: Notre Dame commercial course, Civil War paymaster's clerk, and the Section 22 farm
The tie, exactly: native son — born in St. Joseph County on 7 January 1843 to Arbogast and Rosa (Binder) Zaehnle, educated three years at Notre Dame with a commercial course, and this township's most fully documented second-generation course in Chapman.
- 1843–1866First cameras and the daguerreian decade: itinerants, then the floor's first generation
Mr. Keith (possibly David Keith of Poughkeepsie, New York), advertising in 1843, is per Griswold the first daguerreian in Fort Wayne; J. L. Hubbell followed in November–December 1843 at the American House.
- 1844Isaac Shetterly: mason's trade and an 84-acre farm on the state line
The tie, exactly: settler of Harris Township from about 1872 — born in Union County, Pennsylvania, on 28 November 1844 to George and Elizabeth (Keely) Shetterly; carried as a boy to Portage Prairie in Berrien County, Michigan, about 1854, then to Ontwa Township…
- 1844–1917The other candidates, tested: a railroad, a priest, and the order itself
There was a Granger on this ground's story, and he was not a settler, a landowner, or a railroad man: the Reverend Alexis Granger, C.S.C. (born at Daon, France, 19 June 1817…
- 1846–2026The Guard lineage carried to the present unit: the 151st in South Bend, the 293rd tested
The regiment's lineage, in the Army's Lineage and Honors statement and the Guard's own history, runs in succession: organized 24 June 1846 from existing independent companies as the 2nd Regiment, Indiana Volunteers, and mustered into federal service for the Mexican War…
- 1847–1851The price of the rescue: $2,856 in damages, and the $500 penalty the Supreme Court took away
The case the money hangs on, at the county seat's strength: David Powell, his wife Lucy, and their sons Lewis, Samuel, George and James fled John Norris of Boone County, Kentucky, on the night of 9 October 1847, and settled in Cass County, Michigan.
- 1847–1851The price of the rescue: Norris v. Newton and Norris v. Crocker, from the published reports
The case the Talley article points to has a price, and the price has a published record: the freedom-seekers were David Powell, his wife Lucy, and their sons Lewis, Samuel, George and James, who absconded from John Norris of Boone County, Kentucky, on a Sunday night in October 1847 and settled near Cassopolis, Michigan.
- 1847–1955Each epidemic whole, in order: cholera, typhoid, smallpox, diphtheria, scarlet fever, the 1920 return, polio, tuberculosis
Hope's centennial history prints the frame: "At various times during eight years, from 1847 to 1855, an exhausting epidemic of malarial fever and cholera so oppressed the faculty and students that the University almost closed its doors"…
- 1848–1979The sent-away traffic: Indianapolis, then Logansport, then Westville
First Indianapolis: the state hospital opened in November 1848 as the Indiana Hospital for the Insane (later Central State Hospital), and for forty years it took patients from the whole state — the county poorhouse kept only the chronic and the harmless, and sent its acute cases down to the capital.
1850s
- 1850–1860The antebellum Black community, counted and named: twenty-nine in the county, none on this ground — and that is a count, not a silence
The count, whole: The 1850 census — the count this build's Population leg prints whole — enumerates twenty-nine free colored residents in St. Joseph County, seated in Centre, Penn, Portage and Union townships and in South Bend.
- 1850–1860The antebellum Black community counted: twenty-nine people, none in these townships, and the offers made to them
The count, as banked and re-verified against the census volume: the Seventh Census (1850), Table II, returns Clay Township 659 people and Harris Township 437, and returns both townships entirely white.
- 1850–1940The Census Series, as Used
The historical volumes on census.gov divide by their machinery: the 1850, 1880, 1900, 1910, 1930-state and 1950 parts carry OCR text layers, scrambled exactly where it matters — in the two-column minor-civil-division tables…
- 1850–1951Kamm & Schellinger of Mishawaka
Cross-reference, at pointer size as the checklist orders, never retold: the neighbouring city's house is the Kamm and Schellinger Brewery of Mishawaka — founded by John Wagner (the brewing record gives the founding as 1850…
- 1850–2020The frame's long run: Clay and Harris townships, 1850–2020
The Seventh Census of 1850 is the first to print the two townships by name (Table II, population by subdivisions of counties): Clay Township held 659 people (368 males, 291 females) and Harris Township 437 (216 males, 221 females — a female majority on a frontier township's page).
- 1850–2024Composition, as each census printed it
The place's printed composition begins as a single line: in 1850 the townships were returned as entirely white (the county's 29 free colored residents lived elsewhere in it, as the township article prints), and for most of the record the counts that follow barely move.
- 1851–1920Suffrage whole: the Indiana course, the county frame, and the tested local negative
The course, instrument by instrument: Indiana's suffrage movement is among the nation's earliest — its first women's rights convention met in 1851, three years after Seneca Falls, and Indiana suffragists presented the legislature's first petition for the ballot in 1859.
- 1851–1920Suffrage whole: the county frame, the editor, and the candidate the court ended
Granger has no mayor, no council, and in the suffrage years no village organization — so this item's true-size form is the county movement whole, tested for any woman of this ground inside it: Indiana's movement opened in 1851 (Amanda Way's Winchester convention; the Indiana Woman's Rights Association at Dublin).
- 1852–1972The saloon era as a trade, tested: the keepers owned the brewery — in South Bend
Its senior house was the Muessel brewery of South Bend, begun in 1852 by Christopher Muessel (1812–1894, born at Arzberg in Germany), rebuilt in brick from 1865 west of Portage Avenue, incorporated as the Muessel Brewing Company in 1893, and run on the classic tied pattern: Standard and Bavarian sold in barrels to the…
- 1852–2026The first lodge whole, and the two out-of-county seats township men actually joined
The first lodge whole is Mishawaka's: organized 26 May 1852, A. L. 5852, with the organization officers Chapman and Howard agree on word for word — R. S. Alden, W.M.; D. H. Smith, S.W.; J. Holdridge, J.W.; J. E. Hollister, treasurer; T. S. Cowles, secretary; A. C. Foot, S.D.; W. M. Wood, J.D.; A. L. Brimsmaid, Tyler.
- 1853–2026The auto-corridor big screen, and the cinema inside the brewery
The cinema inside another industry's building is the 100 Center Cinema : the Kamm & Schellinger Brewery at 100 Center Street, Mishawaka — brewery buildings from 1853 onward, brewing ended about 1951 — was converted in 1968 into the 100 Center entertainment and retail complex, with a cinema inside the brewery as one of its founding uses.
- 1853–2026Long studios in succession: the floor's chain, the nearer dynasty, and the townships' empty column
Baden or Württemberg, 1830; in Allen County by 26 December 1849) advertised daguerreotypes at one dollar to close out stock in October 1853; the 1860 census lists him as a book binder…
- 1855The successor line: the Bank of the State of Indiana, 1855–1864
Howard (1907), §16: "On March 3, 1855, a charter had been obtained for a bank to be known as the Bank of the State of Indiana, with a capital of one hundred and fifty thousand dollars, to begin business on the expiration of the charter of the old bank.
- 1855–2026The federal line, in two runs
Run one, the founding generation, is a boundary run and prints at boundary size: the seat that held this county ground in Congress was South Bend's, and its holder was Schuyler Colfax…
- 1856–2025Later Orders: Moose, Eagles, Prince Hall and the Klan Era
The grand lodge itself was established 16 September 1856.
- 1856–todayThe station that wasn't: the Talley house and the Underground Railroad claim
Alfred Talley, born 1809, a printer from Chicago, bought 232.24 acres in Clay Township in 1856 from the widow of the farmer Samuel Brooks; the Brooks family's burying ground — the Tutt-Stuckey Cemetery, still on the brow of the hill between Juniper and Ironwood…
- 1857The diocese over the parish: Fort Wayne–South Bend
St. Pius X stands inside a diocese older than the township's churches: the Diocese of Fort Wayne was erected on January 8, 1857, by Pope Pius IX, carved from the Diocese of Vincennes, which had held all Indiana until then, with John Luers as its first bishop.
- 1858–1925Women of the trade, and the newcomers' studios
Almira Benham's Ladies Picture Gallery of 1858 (art-63-1) is the floor's founding entry: a woman's gallery run as a business in its own name, in rooms a male daguerreian had just vacated.
- 1858–2019The Enterprise, on Film at MPHPL
Its standing, from this build's experience: the film's existence and span (1858–2019) are holdings facts, printed from the library's own list.
1860s
- 1861–1865The Civil War at home: township committees, the aid societies, and the draft
The first week: the news of Sumter reached South Bend on Sunday, 14 April 1861.
- 1861–1865The Irvin thirteen: one Harris Township farm sends a squad to the 29th Indiana
In 1861, Howard's biography says, Hain enlisted for service in the Civil war "with twelve other employes of Mr. Irvin" — thirteen men off one Harris Township farm, in one enlistment, becoming members of the Twenty-ninth Indiana Volunteer Infantry under Colonel John F. Miller of South Bend.
- 1861–1865The 29th Indiana: the county's roster, the township names inside it, and the thirty-eight
It was mustered into service at LaPorte on 27 August 1861, joined Rousseau's command in Kentucky that October, moved against Bowling Green in February 1862, and fought on the second day at Shiloh, 7 April 1862.
- 1861–1865Other uniforms: the Michigan regiments and the Colorado battalion
Three courses stand in the People leg of this build at full size and are pointed to here — John W. Griffith of Harris Township, who enlisted 1 September 1861 in Company L, 2nd Michigan Cavalry, Colonel Phil Sheridan's regiment, and served four years to a day through Booneville, Perryville, Corinth, Chickamauga…
- 1861–1865The women of the record: the sisters of Saint Mary's go to the war
In October 1861 Governor Oliver P. Morton, having seen the neglect in Indiana's camps and hospitals, wrote to Father Sorin asking for sisters.
- 1862John Lerner: born in Mishawaka, and printed so — a dairy farmer of Maple Front Farm
Lerner was born in Mishawaka on 16 April 1862 and was on the farm from the age of eight; the farm is his Granger tie, and it is enough.
- 1862–1865The 21st Battery: a seventeen-year-old from Clay Township under fire at Nashville
"In December, 1862, when but seventeen years of age, Samuel R. Jennings, Jr., enlisted for service in the Civil war, becoming a member of the Twenty-first Independent Indiana Battery, which he joined at Nashville, Tennessee.
- 1863–1931The founding bankers as a roll, and the banker who rescued the bank
1st Source Bank (two Granger offices, the row's deepest bench): chartered as the First National Bank of South Bend in September 1863 and opened November 30, 1863, organised by community leaders Judge Thomas Stanfield — its first president…
- 1863–1936The national banks, with their charter numbers printed
Charter No. 126 — First National Bank of South Bend, Indiana (1863–1932, liquidated).
- 1864Andrew Hubbell "Hub" Beardsley: born on a farm near Granger, chairman of Miles Laboratories
Nesbit's Who's Hoosier, read first-hand, carries him in one breath: "BEARDSLEY, ANDREW HUBBELL — His friends call him 'Hub.' Born September 25, 1864, on a farm near Granger, Ind. … Went to Elkhart twenty-five years ago to manufacture things, and has been unwilling to quit."
- 1864–1901The studio as a building: Shoaff, and Barrows' "finest gallery" claim tested
Fort Wayne, 30 October 1921) appears first in the 1864–65 directory with Shoaff's Art Gallery at the northwest corner of Calhoun and Main.
- 1864–1931Medicine, kept modest — the Beardsley–Miles course, and the negative beyond it
Andrew Hubbell "Hub" Beardsley was born 25 September 1864 on a farm near Granger — the People leg's only birth-on-this-ground entry in its fame band, and a birth on Harris Prairie farmland a decade before there was a village of Granger to be born in.
- 1864–todayNational-history objects improbably seated here, tested: the carriage is in South Bend
The county does hold such an object, and it is a genuine one: the Studebaker National Museum, adjoining The History Museum on South Bend's west side, holds the 1864 barouche, built by the Wood Brothers of New York, that carried President and Mrs. Lincoln to Ford's Theatre on the night of 14 April 1865.
- 1865–1880The first railroad: the Peninsular builds through, 1869–1873
The Peninsular Railway was incorporated in Michigan on 3 October 1865 to build from Battle Creek to Lansing; its forty-five miles between those cities opened at the turn of 1869–1870…
- 1865–2026The health office as an institution: from the city board of 1865 to the county department, in its own reports
Before there was a county office there was a city one, and Chapman dates it: at South Bend's first city council meeting, 12 June 1865, the council elected Dr. I. N. Green, Clement Studebaker and Norman Eddy as the city's first Board of Health…
- 1866–1881The photographer as inventor: Dille & Poston and the solar camera; the residence sweep
Amelia, Ohio, 1918) worked in Fort Wayne 1866–1869, first with Augustus C. Crane at 136 Columbia, then alone at 44 Calhoun, opposite the courthouse; he later painted from photographs.
- 1866–1995St. Joseph's Farm: thirteen hundred acres worked for a university
Brother Aidan's compiled extracts caption the purchase "Bought in 1866 (St. Joseph's Farm)" and describe the place as containing 1,500 acres, "all arable, only 450 acres under cultivation at present," the balance "used for pasture to large herds of cattle, flocks of sheep, etc."
- 1867The farm century: one great farm, and trade done elsewhere
For most of a century the largest business on this ground was a farm worked as an institution: St. Joseph's Farm, roughly 1,300 acres on Cleveland Road between Bittersweet Road and the railroad, acquired for the Congregation of Holy Cross under Father Sorin…
- 1868–1972Export industries, firm by firm — the county’s four, then this ground’s roll
Singer’s South Bend cabinet factory, established 1868 on the East Race and moved in 1901 to the Western Avenue site, was at that date the largest sewing-machine cabinet factory in the world…
- 1868–2026Memorial Day as an institution: from Logan's order to the 100th Westside parade
On May 5, 1868, the Grand Army of the Republic's commander-in-chief, John A. Logan, issued General Orders No. 11, designating May 30, 1868, "for the purpose of strewing with flowers, or otherwise decorating the graves of comrades who died in defense of their country during the late rebellion" (VA National Cemetery…
- 1869The owners: an era-banded roster of every owner the record names, paired to the firm
To 1869: Jacob Meyer — canal works, then the 460-acre farm holding; entered here as the era's landholder-farmer, no firm named.
- 1869–1907The savings-bank and trust-company stratum, as its own layer
Incorporated November 25, 1869, by Louis Humphreys, John C. Knoblock, Thelus M. Bissell, Joseph Worden, Adam S. Baker, T. Wilkes Defrees, David Greenawalt, Almond Bugbee, William F. Bulla, and John C. Birdsell…
- 1869–1993The wreck test: two railroads, 120 years of crossings, and no wreck on this ground
The test, stated: Transportation carries both of Granger's railroads whole — the Peninsular / Grand Trunk line of 1869–73 and the Big Four's Granger–Niles line of 1882–1993, with its passenger course, crossings and freight — and carries no wreck.
1870s
- 1871–1920Across the bridge: the Knoblock works, wagons to magnetos
The county's type case of the bridge is the Knoblock works, and Howard's 1907 county history carries it in consecutive sections, which is how it escaped notice: §9 gives the Knoblock Brothers' Manufacturing Company (organized April 18, 1871) on its way to the South Bend Chilled Plow Company, and §8, printed just…
- 1871–1925The other plow works: the rivals the flagship's story swallowed
The plow works that was not Oliver was the South Bend Chilled Plow Company, and it was a Knoblock house before it was a plow house: the Knoblock Brothers' Manufacturing Company was organized April 18, 1871, by John C., William and Theodore E. Knoblock and John H. Dolman, for farm implements…
- 1871–1934The lines that did not come: the Michigan Central and the interurban, tested
The Michigan Central's South Bend branch came first: the Central's "Air Line" reached Niles from Jackson in 1870, and the branch from Niles to South Bend — twelve miles, with the single intermediate station at Bertrand, Michigan, on the 1901–02 state manual's list — opened in the same construction era, 1871.
- 1872–1954Horses to machines: the mechanization succession on this ground
The first machine in this ground's farm record is not a tractor but a mower, and it is at work in 1872.
- 1872–2026The Tribune's century: paper of record for a place it never seated
The paper's own course is South Bend's whole — founded as a weekly on March 9, 1872, by Alfred B. Miller and Elmer Crockett, daily from May 28, 1873, Schurz-family owned for five generations and headquartered, in the company's later years, across the river in Mishawaka — and this section owns only its Granger course.
- 1873–2026One line, four names: the Grand Trunk succession whole
Peninsular Railway (to the consolidation of 15 August 1873); Chicago and Lake Huron Railroad (1873–1879); the Grand Trunk's purchase and the Chicago and Grand Trunk Railway , which incorporated the entire Port Huron–Chicago line in 1880…
- 1875The 1875 roll: the patrons' directory
What this roll is: the patrons' directory of the 1875 county atlas is the nearest thing Harris Township has to a census of its substantial farmers in that decade — name, section, occupation, nativity and the year settled in the county.
- 1875The farm map of 1875: the ground as the atlas prints it
Forty-five years after the first entries, the county atlas prints this township as a finished farm map: The Illustrated Historical Atlas of St. Joseph County (Higgins, Belden & Co., 1875) lays the Harris Township plat at its page 68 — the sections ruled, the parcels named owner by owner — and the township's directory at pages 103 and 104.
- 1875–1885Bucket 2 — 1870–1889: the 1875 patrons, and the station village Polk names
The 1875 patrons' directory of the Illustrated Historical Atlas (Harris Township, p. 103) is this era's roster-within-the-roster: the farmers who paid to print their own lines — Jacob D. Byrer, farmer, Section 17, settled 1862; Dan N. Dressler (the atlas prints "Dressier"), stock farm, Section 16, settled 1861…
- 1875–1907The post office, the Grand Trunk, and the name
The place got its name from the mail before it got a station: the Granger post office has been in operation since 1875, on the postal historian's record — a named federal place on Harris Prairie while the township was still all farms.
- 1875–1907The produce-and-stock order: the farm economy describes itself, 1875
The patrons' directory of the 1875 county atlas — the Higgins, Belden atlas the Land leg reads whole for the farm map — lists Harris Township's subscribing farmers with the occupation each man chose for himself, and the choices, read together, are a census of the economy's self-image: Jacob D. Byrer, "Farmer"…
- 1875–1930The village that stayed small: post office 1875, a Grange name, a Grand Trunk stop
The first commercial institutions on this ground were federal and corporate, in that order: the Granger post office, in operation since 1875, and the Grand Trunk Railroad's station, around which a village formed that Howard's 1907 history could call "thriving, though as yet quite small."
- 1875–2023The University Museum Succession
It opens in 1875, when the Bishops Gallery — sixty portraits of American bishops painted by the Vatican artist Luigi Gregori, hired by Father Edward Sorin in 1874 — and a Museum of Indian Antiquities opened in Notre Dame's Main Building…
- 1875–2026The name: "founded in 1883, and named after the Grangers" — the claim, the chase, and the page
The Granger post office has been in operation since 1875."
- 1875–todayThe postal frame: 46530 is not the place
The oldest continuing government presence in Granger is the mail: the Granger post office has been in operation since 1875, on the postal historian's record the Story of Granger section carries…
- 1875–todayThe station hamlet: the node the plats grew around
The oldest node is a station, not a plat: Granger's first community geography is the one the Story of Granger section file establishes at first hand…
- 1879–1936The Grand Army: seven posts in the county, one in Clay Township, none on the farm ground
The county roster, whole: the Grand Army of the Republic's Department of Indiana, as indexed by the Indiana Archives and Records Administration from the department's own files, put seven posts into St. Joseph County: Auten Post No. 8, South Bend (1879–1936 and beyond), the county's senior post, named for the first…
- 1879–2026The singing-society test, printed at its result
South Bend's immigrant societies are catalogued by name in the St. Joseph County genealogical record: a German Turnverein, a German Progress Club, and — the county's first Polish choral group…
1880s
- 1880Chapman's Natural History of the County, 1880
C. Chapman & Co. of Chicago in 1880 — the subscription county history of the settlement generation, its text now held whole at the Internet Archive (Cornell University Library copy).
- 1880The lost birds: prairie chicken and passenger pigeon, Chapman's warnings with their endings
Chapman saw both of these endings coming and printed the warnings in 1880. Of the prairie chicken he wrote the sentence that heads this section's bird record: "The chiefest among the Grouse family is the prairie chicken, which, if not carefully protected, must ere long follow the wild turkey, never to return."
- 1880The distillers as a searched negative, with its date span printed: 1880–2011, extended to November 2026
The search runs from the first record that could name a distiller on this ground — Chapman (1880) and Howard (1907), whose township chapters were searched for tavern, inn, hotel, brewery, distillery and winery entries and named none for Harris or Clay…
- 1880–1884The directory houses: the gazetteer long tail, swept — a saloon and a livery, and no hotel
The 1880-81 edition carries Granger at the record's smallest size: a post-office station on the Grand Trunk railroad just south of the Michigan state line, in Harris Township, nine miles northeast of the South Bend courthouse, with a Presbyterian church — and, in the gazetteer's own summary, the station "of only two families."
- 1880–1907The dated census: Chapman 1880, the 1883 directory, Howard 1907 — and the two townships' negative, read whole
Chapman, 1880 — Mishawaka's own section. Chapman gives Mishawaka a headed "SECRET SOCIETIES" section (pp. 796–797), and it is short: "The Freemasons and Odd Fellows have a fine, well-furnished hall in the third story of the Phoenix Block."
- 1880–1907Knights of Pythias whole: the lodge, the Uniform Rank, and the Sisters' temple — named where the record names one
In 1880 Chapman could say only that "There is also a lodge of the Knights of Pythias, of recent organization in Mishawaka" — no number, no name.
- 1880–1907The assessment-insurance alphabet: tents, hives, camps, groves and courts as a benefit machine — and the Grange line
The biography names no grange, no number and no seat — an officer's fact without a seat — so it does not seat a grange in Clay, and the banked negative stands on its own terms; it does prove a Clay Township farmer holding Grange office in 1880, in some grange within riding distance.
- 1880–1961The origin ground: the fairgrounds course and the oval inside the amusement park — South Bend's, both dated, and a Granger-side negative stated plainly
Playland Park, bounded by the St. Joseph River, Ironwood Drive and Lincolnway East in South Bend, began in 1880 as a trolley park called Springbrook Park (one source spells it Springbook).
- 1880–1961Amusement Grounds Across the Line
(Its founding dates conflict in the record and both print: the park's published history gives the park's creation as 1880, while the Clio and county-library strands date the streetcar company's Springbrook opening to 1899.)
- 1880–2012Works first: the historians of this ground, carried by their bibliographies
C. Chapman & Co., 1880; 986 pages in the digitised copy). The title page itself teaches the grading lesson this section runs on: “Chapman” is the publishing house, Chas.
- 1880–2026The collectors and their stock: who wrote the old settlers down, and what survives of the telling
The first is the Chapman history of 1880 — History of St. Joseph County, Indiana (Chas. C. Chapman & Co.), written a generation from the events, when men who had cleared the prairie were still alive to be interviewed.
- 1880–2026Ethnic and immigrant club bands as a training system: the test
The test for this ground was run in Chapman (1880) and Howard (1907), societies chapters read for Clay and Harris township entries, and in the church and club records reached through the build's Religion and culture passes: no Italian, German, Polish, or other ethnic club band, lodge band, or parish band is named for…
- 1880–2026The memory-keepers: who wrote the place down
The roll runs: the Chapman county history of 1880, whose township chapters are the first written Granger; Timothy Edward Howard's History of St. Joseph County of 1907, the judge-historian's two volumes, still the Story of Granger section of every later account including this build's…
- 1880–todayThe dairy line: a university's milk, a township creamery share
Chapman's 1880 sentence fixes the first fact: Notre Dame's Harris Township farm raised "their beef and their milk supply for the University" — a dairy herd kept on drained marsh pasture, milking for an institution's table a few miles west, a generation before the township had a creamery to sell to.
- 1881–1993The second railroad: the Big Four's Granger–Niles line, 1882–1993
The Elkhart, Niles and Lake Michigan Railroad built south from Niles, Michigan, to a connection with the Grand Trunk at Granger — the Niles History Center dates the building to 1882…
- 1882–1890Horse cars first: the South Bend Railway Company of 1885 and the Van Depoele electric experiment
Marlette's Electric Railroads of Indiana (1959) supplies the course: a first Indiana electrification attempt at South Bend in 1882 , when a car moved only a few feet before its current dissipated into the ground…
- 1882–2023Building-and-loans, and the four credit unions as separate histories
The Polk South Bend City Directory for 1921 prints the county seat's building-and-loan roll under its own heading, and it is a real stratum: the Building & Loan Association of South Bend , 216 W. Washington, incorporated July 5, 1882, capital stock $3,000,000…
- 1882–2026The hospital question: none inside the line — and the one across it
That pattern is the era before 2019, stated whole: for a century and a third, the hospitals of this ground's people stood where the county's medicine had always stood — St. Joseph's, the county's first hospital, in South Bend from 1882, and Epworth Hospital from 1894, Memorial Hospital from 1945 in succession…
- 1883–2026"Founded in 1883": the life of a date that nobody celebrated
The telling: this place was founded in 1883 — a date firm enough, in the modern summaries, to stand as the first fact of its history, and the warrant for a centennial in 1983 that the Arts file of this build looked for and could not find: no performance, no festival, no observance of any kind stands in the record it…
- 1883–2026The clothiers' courses: who sold dress, era by era, and what replaced them
First era, the custom-and-dry-goods town: the 1883 South Bend directory carries dressmakers and tailors by name in its alphabetical list and a millinery and dress-goods house advertising silks, dress goods, caps and millinery received direct from manufacturers.
- 1883–2026The ethnic trades at scale: meat and sausage in the directories, and the cookbook that is not there
Farr's South Bend directory for 1883 gives the trade its own business-review heading — “BUTCHERS. The butchering business is quite a feature in this city.
- 1884–1885The first forms: the village trade of 1884–85, named whole — and the bank and the market, at the end of their records
The station village, from the settler itself: Polk's Indiana State Gazetteer and Business Directory for 1884–85 — one of the two settling sources the banked file names for this item — carries Granger whole, in a single entry, and the entry is the village's trade at its first full printing.
- 1885–2026The opera-house test, run by name, and the halls
The county's opera house stands in South Bend and is boundary-told in one line: the Oliver Opera House, opened 1885 on Main Street by the Oliver plow family, James and J. D. Oliver, at a cost of $200,000 and reputed among the finest opera houses in the United States, its scenery painted by the Chicago Opera House's…
- 1885–2026The Catholic orders as a suite: Knights of America, Foresters, the Legion and Columbia lines — and the Knights of Columbus on Granger ground
In South Bend: Catholic Order of Foresters, St. Edward Court No. 1424; Ancient Order of Hibernians, Division No. 1, founded January 1885; Catholic Knights of America, St. Paul's Branch No. 408, founded September 1885, and St. Boniface Branch No. 701, with St. Mary's Commandery, Uniform Rank of the C.K. of A.…
1890s
- 1890–2026Schools as the long fight: from a ceiling's collapse to a decree still alive in 2025 — and the test of Penn-Harris-Madison
South Bend never adopted an explicit segregation statute for its schools; its "neighbourhood school" policy and intentionally drawn boundaries did the work, and Linden School, Linden and Adams Streets (opened 1 September 1890), became the system's Black school by demography.
- 1891–2026The club movement and the ballot's institutions — and Granger's one club
The county's club movement is documented at archive strength, none of it seated on this ground: SJCPL's clubs collection (43 boxes, bulk 1910–1970) holds the South Bend Woman's Club, the Progress Club (six boxes and a scrapbook), the Shakespeare Circle from 1891, the county Federation of Clubs and the Women's Civic Club.
- 1891–2026From the studio chair to the Kodak counter
In 1891 he gave up studio photography for the supply trade: as Beatty puts it, "with the advent of portable cameras, he and son Harry became dealers of Kodak cameras and film in a shop at 112 West Wayne Street," developing and finishing included.
- 1893–todayThe campus haunts, told as a group at the boundary: Notre Dame and Saint Mary's
The founder walks beside the football player: Father Edward Sorin, who died on Halloween 1893, is said in the lore to still patrol the campus he founded…
- 1894The Slaughterbecks: Jacob, who cleared 270 acres, and Charley of the Idlewild Stock Farm
Jacob Slaughterbeck came from Germany as a small child, owned 270 acres — all but fifty of them in Harris Township — and cleared the land himself; he died 8 August 1894, aged fifty-six.
- 1894–2006Press photographers: the staff tradition, the courthouse commission, and the art photographer
22 May 1912) began as a traveling photographer, worked for Schanz, and from 1894 — Miner & Dexter at 44 Calhoun, then alone at 23 W. Wayne, renumbered 102 W. Wayne in 1902 — built the studio Griswold described in 1905 as "built for him according to his own plans."
- 1894–2026Every renaming an event: Epworth becomes Memorial, 1945 — and the mental-health making in stages
Epworth Hospital and Training School was organised on May 28, 1894 and incorporated on June 7, 1894, by the Woman's Home Missionary Societies of South Bend's Methodist Episcopal churches — by the Indiana Methodist record, the first hospital founded by any branch of United Methodism in Indiana.
- 1894–2026The Nursing Schools
The Methodist line came first: Epworth Hospital and Training School — the training school is in the founding name of 1894 — became the Memorial Hospital School of Nursing at the 1945 renaming, and closed in 1988, ninety-four years after it opened…
- 1894–todayThe ethnic nests and societies: the Falcons, the West Side club, the Breezers — and this ground's thinner layer
The M. R. Falcons — Mieczyslaw Romanowski Falcons, Nest 4 — stand in the county's immigrant-societies record from 1894, and stand today at 3212 Keller Street, an active club and hall.
- 1896–1897Before the saucers: the 1896–97 airship wave, tested over this ground specifically
Tested negative over this ground, at newspaper strength: between mid-November 1896 and the end of April 1897 the American press carried the mystery-airship wave — more than 1,200 articles in over 400 newspapers in 41 states and six Canadian provinces, by the standard scholarly count…
- 1897–todayThe colour line and the parallel orders: exclusion, documented plain
Its founding prints with its variance whole: the order's accounts give a formal organisation in February 1897, and a first lodge meeting on 17 November 1898 at Masonic Hall on George Street in Cincinnati, the ritual copyrighted in September 1898 and the first Ohio charter in June 1899.
- 1898The Spanish-American War at the roster's strength
The county's war: St. Joseph County's Spanish-American War was fought by South Bend's companies of the 157th Indiana — the regiment the South Bend build follows as "Studebaker's Tigers and the two South Bend companies"…
- 1899The council as an institution, and its long servers
Until 1899 the boards of county commissioners exercised the county's fiscal powers essentially unchecked; the County Reform Act, approved March 3, 1899, created the county council in every Indiana county as a separately elected fiscal check on the commissioners…
20th century 65 dated mentions
1900s
- 1900–1945The long rural hold
The twentieth century arrived late on Harris Prairie: in 1900 Harris Township held 481 people, including the town of Granger — the whole township, village and farms together, fewer people than one modern subdivision street.
- 1903–2026The club movement and the ballot's institutions: the League, the YWCA, and the clubs this ground actually kept
The YWCA as a working women's institution: The YWCA North Central Indiana has served from South Bend since 1903 — housed in this period at 1102 South Fellows Street…
- 1904–1907Founded here: the Order of the Owls, and a second home office — both the county's, neither this ground's
An order founded in South Bend, at an address: on 20 November 1904, in the law offices of Talbot and Talbot in South Bend, John W. Talbot founded the Order of Owls with Joseph E. Talbot, George D. Beroth, J. Lott Losey, John J. Johnson, John D. Burke, William Weaver and Frank Dunbar.
- 1904–2026Catholic Charities and the parish-relief line: a diocesan century, a Vincentian century — and one parish on this ground
St. Vincent de Paul: the county society and the parish-conference question: The Society of St. Vincent de Paul of St. Joseph County was founded in 1904 by thirty members of St. Patrick's Parish, South Bend — the county's Vincentian century running parallel to the diocese's…
- 1905–2019The public official as memoirist, and a national name's newspaper years
Ring Lardner (born March 6, 1885, in Niles, Michigan) began as a newspaperman at the South Bend Times in the fall of 1905 — hired, by the Indiana Journalism Hall of Fame's account, when the editor came looking for his brother Rex and took Ring instead…
- 1905–todayThe poetry line as a succession — across the line, and the one judge-poet
On this ground itself, the poetry line is thinner and older, and it is not empty: its first name is the judge-historian of the article above, Timothy Edward Howard, whose Musings and Memories (1905) is a published volume of verse by the man who wrote the county's history.
- 1907The census of 1907: Howard counts the county's clubs — and seats none of them here
The dated census, from the named source: Timothy Edward Howard's A History of St. Joseph County, Indiana (1907) closes its first volume's account of the county's institutions with a societies chapter that is, in effect, a club census taken in a single year — and because it is a census it can be counted from.
- 1907The Red Men: the tribe by number, the borrowed names stated plainly, the wigwam unnamed
Mishawaka Tribe No. 304, Improved Order of Red Men, stands in Howard's 1907 Mishawaka list with its officers named: John C. Quick, sachem; George Hitesman, secretary.
- 1907–2026The roster: this ground's clubs, assembled in one place at last
Set it against the census frame of 1907 at county scale, from Howard's roster of that year: the Masons in three lodges, the Odd Fellows in their hall, the Elks in a new temple, the Pythians, Foresters, Hibernians, Maccabees, Woodmen, Red Men, Ben Hur, the Owls' Supreme Nest, sixty gentlemen of the Round Table, nine…
- 1907–2026The county home's second life: Portage Manor
In 1905 the commissioners bought the 113.8-acre Brown farm on Portage Avenue, beyond Riverview Cemetery, for 20,962.50 dollars, and built the St. Joseph County Infirmary to designs by the South Bend architects Freyermuth and Maurer…
- 1909The official count that names the trade — the census sentence, and why it cannot be quoted for this ground
The checklist's opening pattern asks for one official sentence: the census or census-of-manufactures count that names a city's clothing trades at a date, the way the floor instance opens from the 1909 volume.
- 1909Away to Camp, and the Children's Room
The South Bend YMCA started the camp in the season of 1909 , after Harris Eberhart — a young camper of the South Bend Y — was killed on July 24, 1909, when the car he rode in stalled on railroad tracks at Munster, Indiana…
- 1909–2018Every early house, with its capacity — and the Grape Road house identified
Mishawaka's early roll, from the Tivoli's National Register nomination, the fullest theatre census this county owns: the Century , 600 seats, opened 1909 in a remodeled existing building; the Temple , 500 seats, opened 1915, likewise remodeled…
- 1909–2026The YMCA and the YWCA: no branch on this ground — the county's Y at the boundary, its camp named, and the YWCA across the same line
The camp, named as the pattern requires: The association's camp is YMCA Camp Eberhart on Corey Lake at Three Rivers, Michigan — founded 1909, the South Bend YMCA's camp from its first season, established with a $7,500 gift from Mr. and Mrs. Eberhart in memory of their son Harris Eberhart, killed at a railroad crossing…
1910s
- 1910–2020Migration and the industrial ceiling, counted together — and Granger's different arrival
Gordon's counts frame the first: the city's Black population doubled 1910–1920 and nearly tripled 1920–1922, drawn by wartime industry.
- 1911The system plan whole: the Kessler test run, the master-plan sequence in order, and the horizon year
The City of South Bend's Historic Preservation Commission staff reports state it precisely: "The 1911-1915 Parks and Boulevard system and the Leeper Park Plan, designed by celebrated planner and landscape architect George Kessler," embodied City Beautiful ideals, "connecting parks and boulevards as planned elements of…
- 1911–todayScreenwriters, carried as authors, with the writing credits named
George Seaton (born George Edward Stenius, April 17, 1911, in South Bend; died July 28, 1979), carried by his writing credits as the checklist requires: first major screen credit A Day at the Races (1937); The Song of Bernadette (1943; Academy Award nomination)…
- 1912–1933Photographers With Unfinished Records
Washington Blake opened a studio at 1008 Calhoun in Fort Wayne in 1912 and worked to 1920.
- 1912–1966The imperial door: how a Canadian plant opened Empire trade — and the door this ground never had
First, the Walkerville, Ontario plant (Windsor, 1912–1936 in the record’s dating): complete cars assembled from components shipped from the South Bend and Detroit factories or made locally in Canada, whose output “was designated for the Canadian (left-hand drive) and British Empire (right-hand drive) trade”…
- 1913–1928Before the branch: plates by mail, and the notary's desk
For the first motorists of Harris and Clay townships, there was no branch to go to: Indiana began issuing state license plates in 1913, and the transaction ran by mail.
- 1914–1966Licensed production abroad, distinguished from shipped goods
The Bendix story begins with licensing as an import: in 1924 Vincent Bendix acquired the rights to the French engineer Henri Perrot’s drum-brake patents, and the Eclipse Machine Company of Elmira, New York, had been making Bendix’s patented starters under licence since 1914 before Bendix acquired Eclipse outright in 1929.
- 1914–2026The federation line: federated giving → community chest → United Way — with the Indiana line's own dates printed as the record gives them, conflict and all
The succession, and the conflict inside it: The national succession — federation, community chest, United Fund, United Way — is the shape every local line of this kind followed, and the Indiana corporation's own published tradition claims the line's start here in 1914: its published account states that it has…
- 1917–1918The First World War: the county's roll swept, and the townships not named in it
That does not prove the townships buried no one in 1917–18; it proves the roll cannot show it, because a Harris Prairie farmer's son who enlisted at South Bend stands in the book as a South Bend clerk or a South Bend farmer.
- 1917–1918The county answers: mobilization, the Council of Defense pattern, and the draft that never sat in the townships
The machine, as Indiana built it: When the nation went to war in April 1917, Indiana answered through a council system.
- 1917–1918The county answers: mobilization, the Council of Defense system, registration and the draft boards at home
The first spring, in the county's own paper: the United States declared war on 6 April 1917, and the South Bend News-Times of Sunday 15 April 1917 already shows a county mobilizing on every page the OCR preserves: 25,000 Red Cross membership pledge cards going out through the churches for a three-day campaign for…
- 1917–1919The loans, drive by drive — as far as the official record splits them
The drives that stay gapped: The First Loan (1917), the Second Loan (fall 1917) and the Victory Loan (1919) could not be closed for St. Joseph County from the parts of Greenough's record reached by this section, and no township quota or result for any of the five drives — the figures the banked paragraph most wanted…
- 1917–1919Thrift, the Red Cross, and the women's registration — the counted purses at the strength they survive
The women's registration — the counted pattern and the county's missing count: Indiana's women registered for war service in the spring of 1917 under the Woman's Franchise League's drive, Grace Julian Clarke supervising the processing of the registration cards, and the system grew teeth in October 1917 with the…
- 1917–1919The loans whole, drive by drive: what the state's official history proves, and where the township figures stop
Drive by drive, at the strength Greenough and the press together reach for this county: First Liberty Loan (May–June 1917; state quota as finally announced $40,000,000…
- 1917–1919Thrift, Red Cross and the other purses at counted size; women's registration; food and the fuel winter
The membership campaign of April 1917 opened with 25,000 pledge cards distributed through the churches for a drive for members beginning Thursday 19 April ( News-Times , 15 Apr. 1917; first members named in the paper: Mrs. F. M. Hatch for the women, Dr. George P. Morey for the men).
- 1917–1919Loyalty's edge, the wartime clock, the Armistice, the homecoming, and influenza at the edge
Loyalty's edge, at the strength the open record carries for this county: Indiana's loyalty machinery was state-built: Governor Goodrich's Indiana Liberty Guards…
- 1917–1941War work in cloth: raincoats and clothing lines at the boundary plant; no wartime cloth contract on this ground
For Clay and Harris townships the test is clean and it is a TESTED NEGATIVE: no plant, workshop, contract, subcontract or home-work clothing scheme seated in either township in 1917–18 or 1941–45 appears in the county histories, the record, the company record or the trade record searched.
- 1918–1919Loyalty's edge, the wartime clock, and the Armistice: the war's end as this ground received it
The wartime clock, settled: The time-zone switch the checklist asks for was a war measure in the most literal sense: the Standard Time Act of 1918 (Public Law 65-106, March 19, 1918) imposed the nation's first daylight saving time to serve the war economy…
- 1918–1919Homecomings: the 1919 Welcome Home parade, and the record after
South Bend met the armistice in the streets on November 11, 1918 (South Bend News-Times, that day's issue), and it met the men with a parade the following spring.
- 1918–2023The epidemic century, counted at township strength
Influenza, 1918–1920 — the count that dissolves the townships: the strongest instrument ever pointed at this ground's influenza is the federal government's own special count, the Bureau of the Census's Special Tables of Mortality from Influenza and Pneumonia for Indiana, covering September 1 to December 31, 1918, and…
- 1919The civic leagues as corporations, at county frame
The NAACP's county line begins in a church: the South Bend branch of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People was founded in 1919 at Mount Zion Baptist Church (later Pilgrim Baptist Church), the city's first African American Baptist congregation, with early meetings also hosted at Olivet AME…
- 1919–1966Institutions built: Hering House, the NAACP branch, and the Allens' thirty years of cases
The South Bend branch of the NAACP was founded in 1919 at Mount Zion Baptist Church — founded 1890 as the city's first African American Baptist church under Rev. W.M. Ridley, first at Main and Jefferson, moved in 1891 to 116 North Birdsell Street, its present sanctuary built on a 1921 foundation and completed 1926…
1920s
- 1921The custom trades counted, not evoked — the 1921 Polk classified sections, what can and cannot be printed
The checklist's pattern is a dated directory count: milliners, dressmakers and tailors numbered from one year's classified sections, the way the floor instance prints 1921.
- 1921The first show and the first census: a county canvass, and a Granger count of zero
Run the 1921-pattern canvass against that record — the first post–World War I directory generation, the pattern year in which a sister city's build counts its first sellers on one hand…
- 1921–2026The last chiefs in complete succession: Big C Lumber and Martin's Super Markets, founder to present
The banked fragment carries William Hass and George Bales (1921 purchase; 1926 reincorporation; Hass's c. 1935 buyout of Bales) and then jumps to Roger Foley in 1982.
- 1921–todayBig C Lumber: a county firm that put its headquarters on this ground
The oldest firm seated in Granger was not founded here, and its own history prints the distinction plainly: Big C Lumber's published account begins in 1921, when William Hass, in partnership with George Bales, purchased a lumberyard in North Liberty, in the county's west…
- 1921–todayDistribution as a trade: the networks counted, and where they stop
Big C Lumber’s yard network is the largest: from the 1921 founding (Hass & Bales, North Liberty; the Westville yard first) and the roughly ten yards that followed quickly — Roseland, Indiana, and Three Oaks, Michigan, among the yards still held…
- 1922The benevolent-society era: parish societies at the county seat, township relief at home — and no benevolent society seated on this ground
The federation that succeeded the society era at county scale arrives in the next article's line — the diocese's Associated Catholic Charities of 1922 on the Catholic side, and the county's federated campaign, whose own early record is the following article's subject and conflict.
- 1922–1925The Klan era: the guarded church, the county chapter, and a township test that returns nothing
The Tribune's front page of 17 December 1922 already read "Threat of Ku Klux Grows." The era's dated, named episode on the record is a church.
- 1922–1950Exclusion measured in years: the Natatorium's fourteen and fourteen, the Kale test case, and the clubs on this ground
The Engman Public Natatorium, 1040 W. Washington Street, South Bend, opened in 1922 as the largest indoor pool in Indiana, and the exclusion can be timed both ways, as the row directs.
- 1922–1961The dance-orchestra era, band by band — at the county's rooms
Downtown, the Palais Royale ballroom — opened 1922 beside the Palace Theatre — hosted in its big-band years, 1935 to 1946 by the National Register nomination's dating: Tommy Dorsey, Jimmy Dorsey, Duke Ellington, and Woody Herman…
- 1922–1968Redlining in writing: the HOLC sheets quoted, Colpaert named, sixty-eight plats counted — and the plat books named as the settler for this ground
The Commission's housing subcommittee located 68 plats for housing developments in St. Joseph County, created 1922–1953, containing racially restrictive covenants…
- 1922–2023The community's own scholarship: Buford Gordon's 1922 study and the shelf it founded
He came to South Bend in December 1920 as pastor of Taylor A.M.E. Zion Church (now First A.M.E. Zion), at Eddy and Campeau Streets just south of Notre Dame, and in 1922 he self-published The Negro in South Bend: A Social Study…
- 1922–2026Broadcast at the boundary: heard here, seated elsewhere
The market's stations are the cities' whole — the Tribune company's WGAZ of 1922, now WSBT radio; WSBT-TV (1952) and WNDU and the Weigel stations in South Bend; WNIT, the public station (on air February 1974) — and their histories are dug in South Bend's and Mishawaka's builds, not here.
- 1922–2026Joseph County, the county's worked example, and the Granger layer named as GAP-C90-1
The HOA layer is banked (Neighborhoods: modern covenants, the Fox Chase porch, the Quail Ridge fence suit of 2004); this article digs below it, into the deed record…
- 1923–2025The private bus era whole, then the public corporation, with riders and fares as the record states them
The bus was a streetcar company's child first: CERA Bulletin 132's contents give the era its chapter heads — "1923 — The Motor Bus Appears," "More Buses & Receivership."
- 1924The unrest set, tested whole: the county's nights are South Bend's; this ground has none in the record
The Klan clash, May 1924: The Ku Klux Klan's Indiana strength met its most famous street resistance in South Bend, where on 17–19 May 1924 Notre Dame students clashed with Klansmen in the city…
- 1924St. Pius X: the pastors, Holy Cross and diocesan
The succession runs in two orders: for the parish's first two-thirds of a century its priests were Holy Cross men — the chaplains of St. Joseph's Farm, whose list the parish's own record begins in 1924, twelve years before the farm community counted itself a parish in embryo, and then the pastors of the Fir Road…
- 1924The unrest day, tested: the county's unrest is South Bend's; no Granger share stands
1924 — the Klan clash: The Ku Klux Klan's Indiana strength made South Bend its target in May 1924: a Klan picnic and parade planned for May 17, and three days of confrontation, May 17–19, in which some 500 Notre Dame students stormed downtown, stripped hoods and robes from Klansmen, drove them to their headquarters at…
- 1924–2019The memorials by war and by institution
The World War I Memorial Door, in the east transept of the Basilica of the Sacred Heart, was dedicated on Memorial Day, May 30, 1924, by the university's president, the Rev. Matthew Walsh…
- 1925The unnamed houses, counted as a counted gap
The census year is 1925, the Tivoli's opening year, and the nomination that documents the Tivoli also counts the rooms it does not name.
- 1928The Harris School at Granger: the township's consolidated school
The Harris School at Granger was erected in 1928 — Harris Township's consolidated school, the building the district era built to replace its one-room districts on this ground.
- 1928The laboratory discovery: Lobund and germ-free life
Reyniers inaugurated germ-free animal research at Notre Dame in 1928 and directed the program until 1958, with Philip Charles Trexler as his engineering partner; the Indiana Academy of Science's history of the laboratory runs the course 1928–1965.
- 1928–1929The sound pioneer, flagged
The Colfax Theater, 213 West Colfax Avenue, opened on August 4, 1928 (August 5 in the History Museum's count — printed as the conflict it is), the first theater in St. Joseph County to show sound pictures, and hailed by both South Bend papers as the first theater in the world to offer an all-sound program…
- 1928–2026The schools seated in the place
The Granger attendance center the survey describes is the direct ancestor of today's roster: the Harris School at Granger, erected 1928, eight classrooms on three acres, carrying grades 1–3 — with a privately operated kindergarten renting a room, the district then having no kindergartens…
- 1928–2026The armory succession, tested: none in the two townships; the county's in South Bend, in order
In order: the 1928 armory at 727 South Eddy Street, South Bend — built as the city's National Guard armory and shooting range, later the Newman Recreation Center and a city storage building, and today The Armory, an event venue whose 1928 fabric, munitions doors and drill-hall ballroom survive in the restoration…
- 1928–todayThe institutional tables: a club dining room, a school basement, a parish feast
The school table prints at the Schools section's strength: the Penn-Harris-Madison corporation's feeding of thousands of children daily is that leg's subject, and this section carries only its ancestor image, which the Schools section documents from the 1963 Ball State study…
- 1929The licensing beats: the driver's license comes to Harris Prairie
The vehicle was licensed a generation before the driver was: Indiana's first law governing the licensing of drivers is the Act of March 13, 1929, chapter 162…
- 1929–1960Cadet Field: the airport on Granger's own ground
Its earliest depiction is a Department of Commerce Airway Bulletin dated January 16, 1929: a municipal airport owned and operated by the City of South Bend, a 240-acre square sandy turf field with a 3,200-foot east–west dimension.
- 1929–2014The flagship succession: Bendix Field to South Bend International
In 1929 Vincent Bendix, of the Bendix Aviation Corporation, purchased 610 acres northwest of South Bend for a company airfield.
- 1929–2021Professions inside segregation: the doctors and nurses who practised inside the segregated hospitals, named
Beside them: Dr. Bernard Streets, one of the city's first Black dentists (Indiana University School of Dentistry, 1929), whose west-side office later moved to West Washington Street, who taught himself Polish to serve his Polish clients, and who with his wife Odie Mae helped revive the NAACP in 1930…