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ONE TOWNSHIP FIGURE AT VOLUME STRENGTH, THE MODERN FIGURES AT SURVEY STRENGTH
The early census that prints township nativity gives Penn a strikingly immigrant figure: the Ninth Census of 1870, in the same Table III that counts the township, prints Penn (including Mishawaka) as 4,159 native-born and 823 foreign-born — 16.5 percent of its 4,982; Mishawaka town alone, within Penn, stood at 527 foreign-born of 2,617, about one-fifth. Township-level nativity tables were not published for Penn in the other early censuses, and county-level foreign-born counts for 1880 through 1970 were not pulled for this section; they stand in this section's register as a named gap with their settling volumes, the county nativity tables of each census's population volume or the NHGIS county summary tables. The modern figures are survey estimates (ACS 2020–2024, table B05001, read through Census Reporter's pull of the same Bureau tables — the basis flagged because the Bureau's API is key-gated): the town counts 157 foreign-born residents (149 naturalized citizens and 8 non-citizens), 6.1 percent of its survey population; the township 3,559, or 5.2 percent; the county stands at 6.9 percent foreign-born in the Bureau's QuickFacts for the same period. The two eras' figures are not the same measurement — an 1870 census column against a 2020–2024 survey estimate — and print as such: what they jointly establish is direction, a township that was one-sixth foreign-born in 1870 standing at about one-nineteenth a century and a half later.