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THE EARLIEST COUNT, AND THE 2020 FILE READ CELL BY CELL
The earliest race count for this ground is the Seventh Census's, and its Penn line is a zero that is itself the record: in 1850 Penn Township returns white 1,622 and free colored, none returned — the columns are blank and the aggregate equals the white total. The county's entire returned free colored population that year, 29 people, lay outside Penn's line (Seventh Census, Table I). In 1860 Penn again returns no free colored residents; the county's appear on the Mishawaka (2), Portage (10), South Bend (68) and Union (8) lines. The township's first non-zero colored count in the published tables is 1870's: white 4,969, colored 13, in the Penn-including-Mishawaka form. Indiana was a free state, so the 1850 and 1860 tables carry only "white" and "free colored" columns for it; "colored" is the Ninth Census's own column heading. The words are the volumes', printed as the volumes print them.
The 2020 composition comes from the redistricting file itself, parsed cell by cell for this build (PL 94-171, Indiana file; the town at LOGRECNO 0009286, the township at 0000901; every row passes this section's internal sums): the town's 2,590 divide as: one race, 2,384 (92.0 percent) — white alone 2,263 (87.4 percent), Black or African American alone 52 (2.0 percent), American Indian and Alaska Native alone 11, Asian alone 40, Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander alone 5, some other race alone 13 — and two or more races, 206 (8.0 percent). By Hispanic origin: Hispanic or Latino, any race, 98 (3.8 percent); not Hispanic, 2,492, of whom white alone, not Hispanic, 2,224 (85.9 percent). The township's 68,698 divide as: white alone 56,354 (82.0 percent), Black alone 4,675 (6.8 percent), American Indian and Alaska Native alone 252, Asian alone 1,146, Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander alone 45, some other race alone 1,189, two or more races 5,037 (7.3 percent); Hispanic or Latino 3,586 (5.2 percent), and white alone, not Hispanic, 55,279 (80.5 percent). The parse was cross-validated against the same file's South Bend (103,453) and Mishawaka (51,063) totals, which match their published profiles. One housekeeping sentence belongs in the text: figures for this ground carried from an earlier transcription in this research line did not survive this section check and are superseded by the file figures printed here.