St. Joseph County, Indiana · 19th century
1860s
181 dated events in 1860s, in order. Part of the full timeline.
19th century 181 dated mentions
1860s
- 1860St. Andrew's United Church of Christ: The German Evangelical Church
The course: St. Andrew's was organized on 14 October 1860 under the Rev. Philip Wagner, a German Evangelical congregation whose records were kept in German until 1919.
Mishawaka
- 1860–1861The approach of war · a pointer
On the eve: The antebellum record closes where the census of 1860 leaves it: a county of 18,455 people, eighty-eight of them Black, living under a constitution that forbade their coming and a community that had tripled anyway; a courthouse that had heard the fugitive question argued to discharge, twice, eleven years before…
South Bend
- 1860–1867William Gibson: a photographer of 1860, on both sides of the city line
The career: William Gibson learned photography in 1860 — so his sketch in Chapman's 1880 county history says, at pages 915–916; the sketch does not name the town where he learned, a gap the Indiana Photographers Project itself flags, though the biographies around his are South Bend men.
South Bend
- 1860–2000The Jeremiah Service House, or Old Republic: the town's mansion, 1860–1861
The one house in town with a federal file of its own is the merchant's house at 302 East Michigan Street — a two-story Italianate brick dwelling of 1860–1861, square in plan, crowned with the most recognizable silhouette in New Carlisle: a central cupola topped by a Turkish-style onion dome.
New Carlisle
- 1860–2026The Great Houses
The Service House — this section's whole entry: built 1860–61, Italianate, the grain-and-banking family's seat, carried entire in the architecture file with its farm at society strength; its building cost stands in no source reached, and the house prints with its cost unsized, under the head rule.
New Carlisle
- 1860–2026The Motherhouse Buildings
Bertrand Hall, built 1860–62, was the entire school in one five-story building of Notre Dame brick, designed by William Thomas of Chicago and built under Fathers Patrick Dillon and Edward Sorin; it housed up to sixty boarders and was outgrown on completion.
Notre Dame
- 1861Claim 1 — Palmer's Olive Branch Sawmill: Documented Purchase, Claimed Rescue
He bought the Olive Branch sawmill on 28 January 1861 (Deed Record Book AB, pp. 425–26, via Karst) — the grantor is not named in Karst's footnote as read, a named gap whose settler is the deed itself.
Lakeville
- 1861The Soldiers' Aid Society: benevolence in the first week of the war
The town's first named charitable organization was a war society: News of Fort Sumter's fall reached Mishawaka on 15 April 1861, and in the series of public meetings that followed, on the commissioned city history's account, citizens voiced strong loyalty for the Union, a Soldiers Aid Society was organized, and…
Mishawaka
- 1861The first cameras: itinerants before any studio — none named on Osceola's main street
The county frame is dated so the negative has edges: photography reached the county seat as a seated trade in 1861, when Albert McDonald opened his South Bend studio (art-63-5) — before South Bend was even incorporated as a city…
Osceola
- 1861The first company, and the first martyr · the 9th Indiana's three-months men
The first company left from the Lake Shore depot on Friday, 19 April 1861, four days after the courthouse meeting: Chapman calls it "the first volunteer company from Northern Indiana to take up its line of march."
South Bend
- 1861The militia tradition · the county answers, April 1861
On 15 April 1861, three days after Fort Sumter, a mass meeting filled the courthouse at South Bend, and the county began raising companies.
South Bend
- 1861–1864The 15th Indiana · thirty-eight of the county's men
The 15th's county companies left a complete little ledger of loss: St. Joseph County men served in the 15th Indiana from its organization in 1861 — Company B's papers survive among the county's Civil War records at the Notre Dame Archives, order books and morning reports included.
South Bend
- 1861–1865The Civil War at home: township committees, the aid societies, and the draft
The first week: the news of Sumter reached South Bend on Sunday, 14 April 1861.
Granger
- 1861–1865The Irvin thirteen: one Harris Township farm sends a squad to the 29th Indiana
In 1861, Howard's biography says, Hain enlisted for service in the Civil war "with twelve other employes of Mr. Irvin" — thirteen men off one Harris Township farm, in one enlistment, becoming members of the Twenty-ninth Indiana Volunteer Infantry under Colonel John F. Miller of South Bend.
Granger
- 1861–1865The 29th Indiana: the county's roster, the township names inside it, and the thirty-eight
It was mustered into service at LaPorte on 27 August 1861, joined Rousseau's command in Kentucky that October, moved against Bowling Green in February 1862, and fought on the second day at Shiloh, 7 April 1862.
Granger
- 1861–1865Other uniforms: the Michigan regiments and the Colorado battalion
Three courses stand in the People leg of this build at full size and are pointed to here — John W. Griffith of Harris Township, who enlisted 1 September 1861 in Company L, 2nd Michigan Cavalry, Colonel Phil Sheridan's regiment, and served four years to a day through Booneville, Perryville, Corinth, Chickamauga…
Granger
- 1861–1865The women of the record: the sisters of Saint Mary's go to the war
In October 1861 Governor Oliver P. Morton, having seen the neglect in Indiana's camps and hospitals, wrote to Father Sorin asking for sisters.
Granger
- 1861–1865The Civil War: Company K, and the Township's Men
The regiment the company served in was organised at Indianapolis in the late summer of 1861 and mustered 27 September 1861; it served with the Army of the Ohio and the Army of the Cumberland — Shiloh, Corinth, Stone River, Tullahoma, Chickamauga, the Atlanta Campaign — and mustered out 2 December 1865.
Lakeville
- 1861–1865The Civil War at Home: the Subscription, the Draft, and the Missing Total
In April 1861, before the township had a company, it had a committee.
Lakeville
- 1861–1865Company I of the Ninth Indiana: the captain from Mishawaka
Twice raised in one year: St. Joseph County put a company into the 9th Indiana Infantry twice in 1861.
Mishawaka
- 1861–1865Company F of the Forty-eighth: the company raised at Mishawaka
Another Penn Township man, Isaac H. Gilman, whose post office was Mishawaka, enlisted in 1861 at Goshen under the 48th's colonel, Norman Eddy, served three years and eight months, and fought at Iuka, at Florence, and through the siege of Vicksburg; his biography does not name his company, and he is printed unassigned, at that strength.
Mishawaka
- 1861–1865The Civil War dead as the rolls give them
The county's first martyr stands at the Roll's head in South Bend's frame and is not Mishawaka's: John Auten, killed July 10, 1861, whose name South Bend's Grand Army post would take.
Mishawaka
- 1861–1865The other regiments: the county's war beyond two companies
15th Indiana — Company B: St. Joseph County was represented by Company B entire, and by one member in Company A. The regiment was organized at Lafayette in May 1861 and mustered June 14, 1861, with George D. Wagner as colonel.
Mishawaka
- 1861–1865The Civil War: the county's frame and the township's committee
On the night of 19 April 1861, at the second great war meeting at South Bend, committees were appointed for every township "to solicit and collect subscriptions to aid in forming and equipping volunteer companies, and to provide for the families of such volunteers as may need assistance."
New Carlisle
- 1861–1865The township's soldiers, as the record names them
From Chapman's sketches: Andrew J. Bryant (born 1841), who came to the county in 1861 and enlisted in 1862 in Company F, 94th Ohio Infantry, fought at Murfreesboro (Stones River), and was discharged at the close of the war — an Ohio regiment and an Indiana farm, printed as the sketch gives both.
New Carlisle
- 1861–1865One regiment whole: the 29th Indiana, and the township's company tie
The 29th Indiana Infantry was organized at La Porte, in the next county, in August 1861 — a regiment raised from this corner of the state.
New Carlisle
- 1861–1865The University in the Civil War — Chaplains, Cadets and the Armies
Gillen was the first to go: he was at Washington in the late spring of 1861, overtook the 22nd New York volunteers on the eve of First Bull Run, heard confessions until the advance was ordered, gave general absolution to those who had not reached confession, and served, in the magazine's accounting, all four years…
Notre Dame
- 1861–1865The machinery: how the county raised its men — and where Penn does not appear
Both histories were read for exactly that, and the township's absence is itself patterned: on 19 April 1861 a South Bend meeting appointed subscription committees by township to aid the forming companies and support volunteers' families, and Howard prints the township lists whole…
Osceola
- 1861–1865The Civil War at home · the meetings, the aid societies, and the machinery of the draft
The war began in South Bend on a Monday evening in the courthouse: On 15 April 1861 , three days after Sumter, a war meeting filled the old courthouse with Dr. John A. Henricks presiding and speeches by Schuyler Colfax, Ariel E. Drapier, William Miller, William G. George, Andrew Anderson, and Captain William F. Lynch…
South Bend
- 1861–1865The 9th Indiana (three years) · Shiloh takes Captain Houghton
When the 9th reorganized for three years, the county's company went back under a new captain: The three-years 9th Indiana was mustered at La Porte on 5 September 1861, again under Milroy, with the county's company commanded by Captain James Houghton .
South Bend
- 1861–1865The 29th Indiana · Colonel Miller of South Bend
The 29th was a La Porte regiment with a South Bend colonel and South Bend companies' worth of this county's men: Organized at La Porte and mustered on 27 August 1861, the 29th Indiana went out under Colonel John F. Miller of South Bend .
South Bend
- 1861–1865The 48th Indiana · the regiment nearest the county's heart
Three full companies of the 48th were St. Joseph County's own: The 48th Indiana was organized at Goshen between 5 December 1861 and 28 January 1862 under Colonel Norman Eddy of South Bend .
South Bend
- 1861–1865The machinery: a war recorded under another township's name
Howard's enlistment machinery runs from South Bend — the meeting of 19 April 1861, its township subscription committees (Penn, notably, does not appear in his list either, as the Osceola pass found), the Volunteer Aid Association — and Chapman's military chapter is the same.
Walkerton
- 1861–1865The Lincoln men, named: the standard, and what does not yet meet it
A man born in 1836 or 1838 was of prime service age in 1861–65, and burial under a government stone in the town's cemetery is exactly the kind of record the county's graves registration worked from — but age and a stone are not a service record, and neither man is entered anywhere in this section as a Civil War soldier.
Walkerton
- 1861–1867The Civil War: The Sisters Go to the Hospitals
On 21 October 1861 Governor Oliver P. Morton of Indiana addressed a request to Father Sorin for sisters to nurse the Union wounded.
Notre Dame
- 1861–1889The intermediate-goods test: the town sold lumber — the means of everybody else's building
The mills article carries the trade at work: in 1861 Christian R. Fogle hauled lumber from Adam Shidler's mill near Lakeville to South Bend for a year — a township mill supplying the county seat's building trade, three decades before the railroad.
Lakeville
- 1861–1945Women's war work: the Aid Society of 1861, the Red Cross workrooms, and Elizabeth Richardson
The town's first charity was a women's war society: in April 1861, as the Civil War opened, Mishawaka's women organized the Soldiers' Aid Society — in De Kever's account the town's first named charitable organization of any kind.
Mishawaka
- 1861–1945The women and the nurses
The Civil War nursing is the county's glory and the motherhouse towns' story: Eighty Sisters of the Holy Cross answered Governor Morton's call of October 1861 under Mother Angela and served as military nurses, becoming the forerunners of the Navy Nurse Corps aboard the Red Rover in 1862…
Mishawaka
- 1861–2022St. Joseph's Parish Square: a block held since 1861
The parish — the mother parish of Mishawaka Catholicism, whose congregation's record stands whole in the religion record of this history — was established on the full block in the southwest corner of the commercial district in 1861 and has been based on the square since.
Mishawaka
- 1861–2026Nursing: The Wartime Line Runs Through the College
The college's own history of its nursing programs begins, correctly, in 1861 — with Mother Angela and the six sisters who went to Cairo with no training at all.
Notre Dame
- 1861–2026The long studios in succession: McDonald Studio, South Bend, 1861 to the present — the county's one unbroken line
Albert J. McDonald (born Rochester, New York, 1841) came to South Bend at 19 and in 1861 purchased / opened a picture studio — the Goodspeed memoirs of 1893 say he "purchased a photograph studio and has followed the business ever since"…
Osceola
- 1861–2026McDonald Studio: the house of 1861, and its 165 years
The founder: Albert J. McDonald was born in Rochester, New York, in 1841, came to South Bend at nineteen, and in 1861 purchased the photograph studio that carries his name still.
South Bend
- 1862John Lerner: born in Mishawaka, and printed so — a dairy farmer of Maple Front Farm
Lerner was born in Mishawaka on 16 April 1862 and was on the farm from the age of eight; the farm is his Granger tie, and it is enough.
Granger
- 1862Below the Listing Threshold — Hawes, 1862–63
G. W. Hawes' Indiana State gazetteer and business directory, for 1862 and 1863 (p. 185) gives the town a bare header only — "A post village of St. Joseph county, 10 miles south from South Bend, and about 135 miles north from Indianapolis" — with no trades list, no physicians, and no postmaster named.
Lakeville
- 1862The homecoming that happened in Indianapolis, 1865
The Seventy-third Indiana was mustered into service at South Bend on August 16, 1862, under Colonel Gilbert Hathaway, its Company C raised in this county; the Eighty-seventh was organized at South Bend the same month and accepted at Indianapolis on August 31, leaving for the front the same day…
South Bend
- 1862Camp Rose · two regiments organized on the fairgrounds
In the summer of 1862 South Bend was a regimental rendezvous: On the county fairgrounds the city kept Camp Rose, and there the 73rd Indiana Infantry was organized and mustered into United States service on 16 August 1862.
South Bend
- 1862The succession of lodges: 294, Germania 301, Portage 675
Chapman records South Bend Lodge No. 294, instituted in 1863, meeting the first Friday of the month, and Germania Lodge No. 301, instituted in 1862, which "conducts the services in the German language," meeting the first Thursday, with John Klingel as its master in 1880.
South Bend
- 1862–1865The 21st Battery: a seventeen-year-old from Clay Township under fire at Nashville
"In December, 1862, when but seventeen years of age, Samuel R. Jennings, Jr., enlisted for service in the Civil war, becoming a member of the Twenty-first Independent Indiana Battery, which he joined at Nashville, Tennessee.
Granger
- 1862–1865The 73rd Indiana · mustered at South Bend, and the stand at Decatur
The 73rd was mustered into service on South Bend's own ground, 16 August 1862, and its colonel died at the head of Streight's raiders: The regiment went out under Colonel Gilbert Hathaway , with Company C raised in this county.
South Bend
- 1862–1865The 87th Indiana · organized at South Bend, cut in half at Chickamauga
The 87th was organized at South Bend on 28 August 1862 and mustered at Indianapolis three days later: It went out under Colonel Kline G. Shryock, with Company K and one or two other companies from this county.
South Bend
- 1862–1865The 21st Battery · the county's artillery, from Chickamauga to Nashville
The 21st Battery, Indiana Light Artillery, was made up principally from St. Joseph and La Porte counties: Organized and mustered at Indianapolis on 9 September 1862 under Captain William W. Andrew, the battery went to Kentucky against Kirby Smith, fought at Carthage, Tennessee, at Hoover's Gap, at Chickamauga , and in…
South Bend
- 1862–1880The practitioner era, to 1880: a war surgeon, a doctor-editor, and a preacher-dentist
Dr. Isaiah Poffenberger — the sketch heads him "physician and surgeon, Walkerton, Ind." — was born in Ohio on 31 October 1836, graduated with honors from the Cincinnati Medical College in 1862, and went straight into the Army's operating tents as assistant to Professor Blackman, the U.S. general surgeon, serving at…
Walkerton
- 1862–1921Water and the alarm: the cistern, the works, the bell, the boxes
The cistern in the street, 1862: A hand engine is only as good as its water, and Mishawaka's first public water for firefighting was a hole in the ground: in 1862 the town placed a 400-barrel cistern in the middle of the intersection of Main Street and Lincolnway, to be drafted from where the business district needed it most.
Mishawaka
- 1863The Sisters of St. Francis of Perpetual Adoration: Olpe to Lafayette, 1863-1943
She was born Regina Christine Wilhelmine Bonzel, called Aline, on 17 September 1830, and she built the community out of an orphanage and school work begun in Olpe in the 1850s: the community received approval on 29 September 1859, the first sisters were invested on 20 December 1860, and the congregation itself dates…
Mishawaka
- 1863The OCC charter roll: the county's real numbers, and no Osceola charter among them
The test is printed so it can be checked: the national banks chartered in this county, with their charter numbers, are — Charter No. 126, First National Bank of South Bend (1863–1932); No. 1739, South Bend National Bank (1870); No. 4764, Citizens National Bank of South Bend (1892–1934, receivership)…
Osceola
- 1863The first county map: Stokes and Shober, 1863, read from its catalogue record whole
Maker: M. W. Stokes, published at Philadelphia in 1863; engraved, printed and mounted by Charles Shober. The map carries its own copyright line: “Entered according to Act of Congress in the year 1863 by M. W. Stokes in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States within & for the District of Indiana.”
Osceola
- 1863Birdsell Manufacturing Company — the clover huller
The New York business lost money on western freight and markets, and Birdsell moved the work to South Bend: he built shops here in 1863 and moved in April 1864, on the standard biography.
South Bend
- 1863Stephenson Underwear Mills — from the Staley woolen mill
Wool first, then underwear: The line begins with the A. C. Staley Woolen Mill, established on the East Race in 1863 and grown by 1889, the year of Staley's death, into a complex of buildings carried on by his son Marion and other stockholders — among them the four Stephenson brothers, who had started as salesmen for the company.
South Bend
- 1863A. C. Staley and the Stephenson brothers — wool first, then underwear
The founding: The line begins with the A. C. Staley Woolen Mill, established on the East Race in 1863 and grown by 1889, the year of Staley's death, into a complex of buildings carried on by his son Marion and other stockholders — among them the four Stephenson brothers, who had started as salesmen for the company.
South Bend
- 1863Wool first: the river mills and the underwear trade
The mill that lasted rose on the same race in 1863 — the A. C. Staley Woolen Mill, drawing power, the National Register documentation notes, from a flume between the race and the river.
South Bend
- 1863–1864William Gibson: the first rooms, 1863
In 1863 he opened rooms in Mishawaka over H. D. Higgins' Jewelry Store, the Mishawaka Enterprise recording the fact; the Indiana State Gazetteer for 1864–65 places him on Main Street, Mishawaka.
Mishawaka
- 1863–1875Booster cartography: the map as advertisement, named as persuasion
The 1863 Stokes map is the type specimen: a cadastral wall map sold by subscription to the county it depicts, carrying views of residential, public and commercial buildings — the subscribers' own houses and works, drawn as honours — with its population and distance tables making the county's case for itself.
Lakeville
- 1863–1888The Le Mans glass — the Carmelites, Rathouis, Hucher, and the signatures in the windows
The Carmel du Mans glassworks — the workshop of the Carmelite nuns of Le Mans — had provided windows for Notre Dame's first church in 1863, including the round windows and the gifted "The Divine Face" told in the first entry.
Notre Dame
- 1863–1895The county maps and the atlas trade
The first county-map class is documented for this ground by the maps the Cole tracing actually used: an 1863 St. Joseph County map showing Cole family land south of town, and an 1895 county map showing Cole property just south of town…
North Liberty
- 1863–1916The depot trade: grain in William C. Smith's hands, livestock in A. Newsbaum's — and no elevator in the record
The railroad made a second commerce beside the mills, and the record names its two dealers: William C. Smith, the Lake Shore's agent at Osceola from 1863 — the man who lost his right arm coupling cars that year and held the agency, five years excepted, for the rest of Chapman's account (Chapman, pp. 837–838…
Osceola
- 1863–1931The founding bankers as a roll, and the banker who rescued the bank
1st Source Bank (two Granger offices, the row's deepest bench): chartered as the First National Bank of South Bend in September 1863 and opened November 30, 1863, organised by community leaders Judge Thomas Stanfield — its first president…
Granger
- 1863–1932The First National Bank of South Bend — Charter No. 126
The charter: The First National Bank of South Bend was organized on 5 September 1863, in the first year of the national banking system, by Charles N. Culver, Thomas S. Stanfield, John A. Henricks, Ethan S. Reynolds, John Reynolds and Ransom Hubbard, with capital of $100,000.
South Bend
- 1863–1936The national banks, with their charter numbers printed
Charter No. 126 — First National Bank of South Bend, Indiana (1863–1932, liquidated).
Granger
- 1863–1956The shape of the record: two Mishawaka names in the county list
The thinness stated: The fullest harvest of the trade ever made for this county is the South Bend Area Genealogical Society's list "South Bend and Mishawaka Photographers, 1863–1921," whose entries the Indiana Album's Indiana Photographers Project carries as person records built from directories, censuses, newspapers and surviving cards.
Mishawaka
- 1863–2026The working street map, as a dated series at the strength reached
The run: 1863, the town's inset plan in the Stokes county map, the first dated street picture; 1875, the town plat in the Higgins, Belden atlas, the plat read lot for lot in the land-records file under its 1859 recording…
Lakeville
- 1864Andrew Hubbell "Hub" Beardsley: born on a farm near Granger, chairman of Miles Laboratories
Nesbit's Who's Hoosier, read first-hand, carries him in one breath: "BEARDSLEY, ANDREW HUBBELL — His friends call him 'Hub.' Born September 25, 1864, on a farm near Granger, Ind. … Went to Elkhart twenty-five years ago to manufacture things, and has been unwilling to quit."
Granger
- 1864–1865The township's dead: one named, two standing at the record's edge
The one: Michael McDonald , "a pioneer in this county," whose son Perry's sketch states he was "killed in 1864 in the war."
New Carlisle
- 1864–1865The last regiments · the hundred-days men of the 138th and the one-year men of the 155th
The county's war ended as it began, with companies raised for the emergency of the season: The 138th Indiana was a hundred-days regiment of 1864, mustered into service on 27 May 1864 under Colonel James H. Shannon, with Company H of St. Joseph County…
South Bend
- 1864–1865The 12th Cavalry · Company H against Forrest and the guerrillas
Company H was the county's cavalry company, and its war was the railroad war in Alabama: The 12th Indiana Cavalry was organized at Kendallville on 1 March 1864 under Colonel Edward Anderson.
South Bend
- 1864–1866The 128th Indiana · the Ninth District's regiment, from Atlanta to Franklin
The 128th was recruited across the Ninth Congressional District in the fall and winter of 1863, with St. Joseph County's men in its ranks and its reunion papers kept at Notre Dame: The regiment rendezvoused at Michigan City and was mustered into service on 18 March 1864, leaving on the 23rd by rail for Nashville and…
South Bend
- 1864–1901The studio as a building: Shoaff, and Barrows' "finest gallery" claim tested
Fort Wayne, 30 October 1921) appears first in the 1864–65 directory with Shoaff's Art Gallery at the northwest corner of Calhoun and Main.
Granger
- 1864–1931Medicine, kept modest — the Beardsley–Miles course, and the negative beyond it
Andrew Hubbell "Hub" Beardsley was born 25 September 1864 on a farm near Granger — the People leg's only birth-on-this-ground entry in its fame band, and a birth on Harris Prairie farmland a decade before there was a village of Granger to be born in.
Granger
- 1864–1967The drug store line: Hoffman to Moak to Merrick's — and no successor
Daniel Hoffman settled in Liberty Township in 1864 — the atlas prints "Hoffman, D. — Drugs and Groceries — 1864" — kept a first store at the southeast corner of Main and Market, then built the Hoffman Block at 108/110 North Main about 1885 for his drugstore and grocery: the drugstore in the north storefront (still so…
North Liberty
- 1864–todayNational-history objects improbably seated here, tested: the carriage is in South Bend
The county does hold such an object, and it is a genuine one: the Studebaker National Museum, adjoining The History Museum on South Bend's west side, holds the 1864 barouche, built by the Wood Brothers of New York, that carried President and Mrs. Lincoln to Ford's Theatre on the night of 14 April 1865.
Granger
- 1864–todayThe parish schools: St. Joseph, St. Monica, St. Bavo — and the one school they became
St. Joseph School, the mother school: The Catholic school web begins in the mother parish's vestry, where St. Joseph's children were taught until 1864, when a brick schoolhouse rose on Spring Street behind the church.
Mishawaka
- 1865Saint John's Lutheran Cemetery: the township's one church ground
1865 — Liberty Township," the ground active into 2014 on the reading's own latest dates. Its earliest deaths print exactly as carried, anomalies flagged and not resolved: John Rupert, d.
North Liberty
- 1865The presidents at commencement
The line has a prologue: at the commencement of 1865 the guest of honor was General William Tecumseh Sherman, whose sons Willy and Tommy had been Notre Dame's and whose daughter Minnie was Saint Mary's; Willy had died of camp fever in 1863, and the New York Tablet reported the students gave the general a "hearty cheer."
Notre Dame
- 1865The campus and magazine press: Ave Maria, the Scholastic, and the Observer
Ave Maria Press was founded by the Reverend Edward Sorin, C.S.C., with the first edition of The Ave Maria magazine on 1 May 1865 — a sixteen-page weekly, edited by Sorin himself at the start, printed on a press he had purchased in Chicago and set up in Brownson Hall.
Notre Dame
- 1865A city in the month of peace
South Bend became a city in the spring the war ended: On May 22, 1865 — six weeks after Appomattox — the town incorporated as a city, taking for its motto the single word "Peace," and on June 5 it held its first city elections, choosing William G. George as its first mayor.
South Bend
- 1865The carriage of Lincoln's last ride stands in South Bend
The barouche: The carriage Abraham Lincoln rode to Ford's Theatre on the night of his assassination, 14 April 1865, is a Studebaker, and it stands in South Bend.
South Bend
- 1865–1880The first railroad: the Peninsular builds through, 1869–1873
The Peninsular Railway was incorporated in Michigan on 3 October 1865 to build from Battle Creek to Lansing; its forty-five miles between those cities opened at the turn of 1869–1870…
Granger
- 1865–1880Fred G. Miller and the Polanders
In 1865, Chapman records, he "imported the first company of 'Polanders' into Indiana," most of them settling in this township's marsh timber; he was "still importing them" in 1880, when about thirty-five families were there, "industriously clearing the marsh timber, and having farms of 20 to 80 acres each."
New Carlisle
- 1865–1880The town Chapman counted, and the industry that followed
The trades had been gathering since the war: Elijah Lee, blacksmith, 1865; Norman S. Miller's dry-goods establishment, 1865; Houser Brothers' general store, 1875.
North Liberty
- 1865–1884Blacksmiths and the wagon trade: Lee's bench and its directory life
E. T. (Elijah) Lee kept a blacksmith shop from 1865 — Civil War veteran, builder of wagons as well as shodder of horses, operating into the 1900s, his shop fronting Harrison Street behind 140 North Main; the atlas prints him "Blacksmithing and Horse-Shoeing — Wythe Co., Virginia…
North Liberty
- 1865–1884The first mayors: the doctor, the poet, and the oldest man
William G. George (1865–1868): The first administration was the incorporation itself. George's government organized a city out of a town's machinery — its first council, its first ordinances, its first health officer — and in December 1866 carried the annexation of Lowell across the river.
South Bend
- 1865–1893The Building Rises — Science, Law, and the Laetare Medal
The enlarged college of 1865 stood six stories high, 160 feet long by eighty wide, raised on the site of the 1844 building in a single summer and surmounted by a colossal statue of Our Lady…
Notre Dame
- 1865–1907The Lafayette Avenue House: National, St. James, Windsor
The Lafayette Avenue house was a one-story frame building when President Whitten — the town's hotel investor of the period, father of the city engineer William M. Whitten — bought it from George Knoblock on 13 July 1865.
South Bend
- 1865–1909The count of the transformation
Chapman, writing in 1880, records that the sales of the city's manufacturers in 1865 reached $565,000 — at wartime double values, he warns — that the products annually made would by 1880 reach $5,000,000, and that 2,500 men found constant employment in the manufactories.
South Bend
- 1865–1915The brick school of 1865 and the building that replaced it
The one-room era in Osceola ends in brick: in the spring of 1865, Kiracofe records, a new brick school was built on the site of the present Osceola School — two rooms, in service for over fifty years.
Osceola
- 1865–1917The horse-trade ground inherited, dated
The nomination's record fills the named courses: Elijah Lee established his blacksmith shop in 1865, "also built wagons," and operated into the 1900s, fronting Harrison Street behind 140 North Main; George R. Flood established his harness business in 1871 and "kept a full stock of harnesses and whips"…
North Liberty
- 1865–1946The homecomings
1865, at the record's size: The first homecoming is the one this record can document least ceremonially.
South Bend
- 1865–2015Boards, officers, and the county department: the succession at reached strength
South Bend's first city council, on 12 June 1865, elected Dr. I. N. Green, Clement Studebaker and Norman Eddy to the city's Board of Health (Chapman, 1880).
Lakeville
- 1865–2017The Schools and Colleges — Foundings and Courses
Notre Dame became a university by addition, one school at a time over 150 years, and the sequence — Arts and Letters with the founding, Science 1865, Law 1869, engineering teaching from 1873, Architecture's formal program 1898, Engineering as a college 1920, Commerce 1921, the Graduate School 1918 standing across them…
Notre Dame
- 1865–2025The seats of government: rented rooms, Oliver's city hall, the tower, and the school building
From incorporation in 1865 until 1902 the government of a growing industrial city worked out of rented and borrowed space around downtown — offices over stores and theaters, and for a time a two-story building at 217 West Jefferson Boulevard that served as city hall before 1902 and stood, in later years as offices and…
South Bend
- 1865–2026The health office as an institution: from the city board of 1865 to the county department, in its own reports
Before there was a county office there was a city one, and Chapman dates it: at South Bend's first city council meeting, 12 June 1865, the council elected Dr. I. N. Green, Clement Studebaker and Norman Eddy as the city's first Board of Health…
Granger
- 1865–2026The health office: from the first board of 1865 to the county department, in its own reports
Osceola has never had a health office of its own, and the office that governs it has a dated beginning: at South Bend's first city council meeting, 12 June 1865, the council elected Dr. I. N. Green, Clement Studebaker and Norman Eddy as the city's first Board of Health (Chapman)…
Osceola
- 1865–todayGeneral stores and groceries: the long line, 1865 – present
Norman S. Miller opened a large dry goods store in 1865 — invoices totalling $9,000 in 1880 — serving also as township trustee and postmaster (the gazetteer headers name him postmaster in 1880–81…
North Liberty
- 1865–todayThe trades whole III: draying and the livery succession; blacksmith to welding
The smithy era stands whole in the businesses file: Elijah Lee from 1865 into the 1900s, and the four-smith bench of the c.1886 patrons list (Lee, Baker, Fetzer, Keesy), with B. F. Berger in 1880–81, and the wagon trade sharing the ground (Ritchie, Rowan, Nelson, Warster, F. M. Lee; carriage painting, Hamilton; harness, Flood).
North Liberty
- 1865–todayThe Common Council: nine seats, a century and a half
At the first city election, on 5 June 1865 — two weeks after the incorporation vote carried 286 to 194 — South Bend's voters chose a mayor and a Common Council together, and the council has sat ever since as the city's legislative body: it passes the ordinances, appropriates the money, fixes the salaries of the police…
South Bend
- 1866Incorporation: the election of 1866
Howard prints the instrument's whole course from the commissioners' record: "On June 7, 1866, Samuel C. Lancaster and thirty-one others filed with the board of county commissioners a petition for the incorporation of the town…
New Carlisle
- 1866Before patents: the Cole works and the making town
The Cole Brothers' planing mill (1866), burned and reincorporated in 1873 as the North Liberty Manufacturing Company, made wagons and buggies at factory scale (businesses leg) — manufacture by craft and jig rather than by patented novelty, and no patent in the record reached attaches to the firm or to Isaac R. Cole.
North Liberty
- 1866Cole Brothers' planing mill → the North Liberty Manufacturing Company, 1866 – into the 20th century
"Cole Brothers built a large planing mill and manufacturing facility in 1866" at North Liberty; it burned in 1871 and was reincorporated in 1873 as the North Liberty Manufacturing Company, which manufactured wagons and buggies and "continued into the 20th century"…
North Liberty
- 1866The maker test: wagons and buggies, whole — automobiles, none
The businesses leg carries the firm whole: the planing mill of 1866, the fire of 1871 (and the paint-shop fire the Tribune records in November 1873), the rebuilding at the south end of town, the wagon-and-buggy product line that made the works the town's largest nineteenth-century employer class.
North Liberty
- 1866Landmark acts III: the annexation wars
The easy century: For its first hundred years the city grew the ordinary way, taking in ground as it filled: Lowell in 1866, eighteen months after incorporation, and thereafter the platted additions at its edges, decade by decade.
South Bend
- 1866The Northeast: Sorinsville's heirs
The ground annexed as the Fourth Ward in 1866 — Lowell's north end, Sorinsville and the farmland between the city and the college — is the city's Northeast neighborhood today: its organized life is the oldest continuous neighborhood machinery in South Bend.
South Bend
- 1866Before the regime: sickness met at home
There was no health officer until 1866, no board of health in the record until later, and no hospital until the Sisters of the Holy Cross opened St. Joseph's in 1882; the Hospitals record of this history carries that institutional story, and this entry stands at pointer size to mark what it meant for epidemic disease.
South Bend
- 1866The health office: from first officer to county department
The Government record of this history carries the office's founding: one of the acts of South Bend's first city government, in 1866, was Mayor George's appointment of the physician Louis Humphreys as the city's first health officer — Humphreys, who would himself be mayor from 1868 to 1872…
South Bend
- 1866–1881The photographer as inventor: Dille & Poston and the solar camera; the residence sweep
Amelia, Ohio, 1918) worked in Fort Wayne 1866–1869, first with Augustus C. Crane at 136 Columbia, then alone at 44 Calhoun, opposite the courthouse; he later painted from photographs.
Granger
- 1866–1936The Grand Army: Seven Posts in the County, None of Them Lakeville's
Auten Post's own start prints in two forms that stand unmerged: the state tables give 1879–1936+, while the post's camp history carries the post as organised in 1866 under the order's earlier arrangements — a first county post chartered three years before the department reorganised…
Lakeville
- 1866–1995St. Joseph's Farm: thirteen hundred acres worked for a university
Brother Aidan's compiled extracts caption the purchase "Bought in 1866 (St. Joseph's Farm)" and describe the place as containing 1,500 acres, "all arable, only 450 acres under cultivation at present," the balance "used for pasture to large herds of cattle, flocks of sheep, etc."
Granger
- 1866–2026The president line: the checklist's mayoral line, mapped to a town's office
Before 2008 the line does not run online at all: the presidency and council succession of 1866–2007 stands in the town's minute books and ordinance book, which no pass has read, and in part in the State Board of Accounts' schedules of officials — the instrument that does carry the clerk's line backward in the next article.
New Carlisle
- 1866–2026The bird's-eye test: no panoramic view of Osceola was ever made in the record reached
The county library's map case holds the region's bird's-eye at South Bend size: an 1866 pictorial map of South Bend — three copies, plus a fourth reproduced from a newspaper — the 1866 view the checklist floor names as Ruger's South Bend.
Osceola
- 1866–todayThe elementary city: Battell, Beiger, Bingham, LaSalle, Emmons, Hums, Liberty, Twin Branch
Battell School , erected 1900 on the north side where Abner Pettit's 1866 frame schoolhouse had stood, took its pupils from the grove school line that reached back to the river's first classrooms; its present building is the one the corporation's 2016 capital inventory dates to 1981.
Mishawaka
- 1866–todayThe Grand Trunk down Division Street
The second trunk line ran down the middle of a city street for sixty years: The Grand Trunk's predecessor was chartered by Indiana in 1866 to build from the Michigan line west through South Bend toward Chicago, and the city — itself a stockholder in the enterprise…
South Bend
- 1867The farm century: one great farm, and trade done elsewhere
For most of a century the largest business on this ground was a farm worked as an institution: St. Joseph's Farm, roughly 1,300 acres on Cleveland Road between Bittersweet Road and the railroad, acquired for the Congregation of Holy Cross under Father Sorin…
Granger
- 1867Jacob and Martin Beiger, and Adolphus Eberhart — the woolen founding, in three hands
The purchase: In 1867 Jacob Beiger and his son Martin V. Beiger bought the woolen mill at the dam.
Mishawaka
- 1867St. Joseph’s Academy — the Hub of the Sisters’ Web
The Notre Dame Archives’ Extracts of Brother Aidan carry a council entry of March 26, 1867 allowing Brother Peter of Alcantara “for the Academy of St. Joseph, South Bend” — the Academy standing in the Holy Cross record by that year.
South Bend
- 1867–1880Lakeville Lodge No. 353, F&AM — Chartered 1867, Ten Charter Members Named by Chapman
Lakeville Lodge No. 353, Free and Accepted Masons, was chartered in 1867; Chapman names its ten charter members, and the lodge stood at about fifty-two members by 1880.
Lakeville
- 1867–1886The Beigers and the woolen company
The purchase: In 1867 Jacob Beiger and his son Martin V. Beiger bought the woolen mill. The company's history and every later carrier agree on the year and the buyers; the price and the seller's name are not carried in the record reached.
Mishawaka
- 1867–1896Collecting before there was a museum: the society of 1867 and the refounding of 1895
Steps toward a historical society for the county were taken at South Bend as early as 1867: a first meeting on 26 October 1867, the organisation completed on 2 November 1867, with meetings following.
Lakeville
- 1867–1921The furniture trade, whole — from the wholesale cluster of 1868 to the dealers
The wholesale cluster: Howard's roll gives the trade its corporation first: the Mishawaka Furniture Company, organized October 10, 1867, capital sixty thousand dollars, incorporators Adoniram B. Judson, Robert Montgomery, Lewis T. Booth and De Witt C. Eggleston.
Mishawaka
- 1867–1921The trade at sampled years: what the directories actually show
Holland's South Bend directory of 1867 carries two names under its classified heading "Photograph Galleries": William Gibson and A. McDonald.
South Bend
- 1867–1925William J. Oliver: the low bidder on the Panama Canal
The tie, exactly: William Jesse Oliver was born January 13, 1867, in Mishawaka, to Henry and Clara Oliver — a born-here tie; how much of his youth was spent here the record read does not establish, and this entry does not claim it.
Mishawaka
- 1867–2005The keeper of the story: a historical society of 1867
The Northern Indiana Historical Society was established in 1867, two years after the city's incorporation, and stands as the second-oldest historical society in Indiana.
South Bend
- 1867–2026The Student Publications — Described, Never Reproduced
The oldest of them began inside another publication: the Scholastic issued its first number on 7 September 1867 as the "Scholastic Year," at first little more than a fly-leaf of the Ave Maria, the congregation's weekly…
Notre Dame
- 1867–2026The Horse Town's Trades: Harness, Wagons and Liveries
W. Hamilton's own course — grocery in 1867, then "buggy and carriage painting" about five years — is the trade learning its vehicles one coat at a time.
Walkerton
- 1867–todayThe South Bend Community School Corporation
The corporation itself, the South Bend Community School Corporation, dates its establishment to 1867. It is the oldest and largest school corporation in St. Joseph County.
South Bend
- 1868John D. Stearns: one line, 1868
A name and a trade, nothing more reached: The directory sample's 1868 canvass carries a single Mishawaka photographer: John D. Stearns, printed under the trade heading with no address the roster preserves and no second line in any record reached for this fragment.
Mishawaka
- 1868The Christian Church of 1868 — today's Community Christian Church
Early in 1868, Chapman records, Elder Ira J. Chase of Mishawaka "commenced a series of sermons on primitive Christianity" in New Carlisle, at the request of two or three disciples living in the town, assisted first by W. M. Roe, pastor of the Christian Church at Rolling Prairie…
New Carlisle
- 1868The Seventh-Day Adventist Church, 1868 — Built, and Gone from the Roll
The second church in the township was the Seventh-Day Adventist church in town, built in 1868 by six named donors; no Adventist congregation stands at North Liberty today.
North Liberty
- 1868The founding instrument: General Order No. 11
General Order No. 11, Headquarters, Grand Army of the Republic, Washington, D.C., 5 May 1868, issued by Commander-in-Chief John A. Logan (Adjutant General N. P. Chipman), designated 30 May 1868 for strewing flowers and decorating the graves of comrades who died in defence of their country during the late rebellion…
North Liberty
- 1868The factory city
In one generation the mill town became a factory city of the first rank: The year 1868, which gave South Bend its two great incorporations, also brought its third: Leighton Pine arrived from the Singer Manufacturing Company's New York office to build a cabinet works on the East Race, making the wooden cabinets in…
South Bend
- 1868Cabinets for the world's sewing machines
The wooden half of a world machine, made here: The Singer cabinet works on the city's west side — built where the black walnut grew, begun in 1868 under Leighton Pine…
South Bend
- 1868Leighton Pine — Singer's man, and the works he kept in South Bend
In the 1860s the Singer sewing machine sat in a wooden cabinet that Singer bought on contract; standing in the center of the black walnut country, South Bend drew the company's bids, and in 1868 Singer sent Pine, a cabinet worker from its New York office, to build the company its own works here.
South Bend
- 1868John J. and Miles W. O'Brien — the lathe twins
The founding act: John J. and Miles W. O'Brien, identical twins born in Cork, Ireland, in 1868, founded their company in 1906 as the South Bend Machine Tool Company: one room, thirty by sixty feet, in the Dinan Building at Washington and Johnson streets, at $65 a month.
South Bend
- 1868The cabinet paradox: the sewing machine's furniture
The Singer sewing machine sat in a wooden cabinet, and from 1868 Singer built those cabinets here — drawn, as the Businesses record tells it, by the black-walnut country the city stood in the middle of…
South Bend
- 1868The Second St. Joseph Hotel, on Colfax Avenue
Chauncey Nichols opened it on 10 September 1868, with L. H. Packard as his clerk.
South Bend
- 1868–1876Site successions, and the two St. Joseph Hotels distinguished
The Second St. Joseph Hotel , 117–119 West Colfax Avenue, was built by a Pennsylvanian named David Greenawalt and opened on 10 September 1868; it worked as a hotel until 1876, changed hands frequently, stood empty for four years, and was then leased by Marvin Campbell — later of the Campbell Box & Tag Company…
Osceola
- 1868–1878Institute No. 1, the Main Street school, and the high school's opening, 1868–1878
The record gives the building two dates, and both stand: the 1924 Miskodeed dates it 1868, at a cost of $50,000, and calls it "the pride of the 1,800 people of Mishawaka"; the high school's own history page dates the first high-school building 1869, on Hill Street between First and Second, holding grades one through twelve.
Mishawaka
- 1868–1902The private bankers — Judson A. B. & Son, and Clark & Whitson
The directory record: The Business Directory of St. Joseph County for 1868 prints a Bankers heading for Mishawaka with one house under it: Judson A. B. & Son, at Second and Main.
Mishawaka
- 1868–1911Electrification: the power changes state
The South Bend Gas-Light Company was organized in January 1868 with a capital of $50,000 and its works at the foot of Jefferson Street; the city was first lit with gas on 1 December 1868, and by 1880 Chapman counts seven miles of main, 371 consumers, 119 public lamps and some 28,000 cubic feet consumed daily…
South Bend
- 1868–1921The livery trade — three stables, two barns, one survivor, and the motor succession
The course: the 1868 county directory carries Livery Stables with three houses: Badger Henry & Co.; Burt C. E. — the Burt name that returns in the 1889 ice line and the 1868 meat markets — and Wilklow F. Johnson's 1902–03 directory carries two: Myeski J. S., Livery Barns, at 113 W. 2d…
Mishawaka
- 1868–1921The Horse Economy's Animal Side: Livery Stables, and the Missing Veterinarian
The beginning is the village's first directory roll, 1868, which carries two livery stables: C. E. Burt's and F. Wilklow's — Wilklow standing in the roster's first-roll narrative among the mill town's founding trades, "F. Wilklow at the livery," alongside the brewers, the cooperage, and the boot-and-shoe man.
Mishawaka
- 1868–1931The Powells: the family at the center, 1868–1931
The move across the river made Mishawaka's first Black household of record: Elijah married Mary Ann Hackley of Niles, Michigan, and the couple moved to Mishawaka with their daughter Medora in 1868.
Mishawaka
- 1868–1931Black women's organizing: the test, and Medora Powell's documented life
Elijah Powell — born in Owen County, Indiana, in 1841, a sergeant of the 102nd U.S. Colored Regiment recognized for gallantry in South Carolina in 1864–65…
Mishawaka
- 1868–1936The brake maker and the cabinet maker: Bendix and Pine
In 1868 the Singer company sent Pine, a cabinet worker from its New York office, to build it a works in South Bend, in the center of the black walnut country.
South Bend
- 1868–1949The printers — the press as a business
The course: the 1868 county directory gives the trade its first Mishawaka form under the heading Printing Office: Brower N. V., opposite the town hall…
Mishawaka
- 1868–1949The storefront rolls — the women, the immigrant shops, and the Black business of record
The Black business of record, at anchor size: Mishawaka's first Black business stands whole in the black-history file — Elijah Powell's barbershop, practiced from 1868 for thirty-eight years — and is pointed to here, not retold: this section adds only its frame.
Mishawaka
- 1868–1955The Singer cabinet works — the world's sewing-machine cabinets
In 1868 Singer sent Leighton Pine, a cabinet worker from its New York office, to build the company its own works here.
South Bend
- 1868–1972Export industries, firm by firm — the county’s four, then this ground’s roll
Singer’s South Bend cabinet factory, established 1868 on the East Race and moved in 1901 to the Western Avenue site, was at that date the largest sewing-machine cabinet factory in the world…
Granger
- 1868–1987The City Directories, Year by Year as Actually Used
The series as used: the 1868 Business Directory of St. Joseph County (Genealogy Trails transcription, read whole; sixty-six proprietor lines hand-paired) — whose "Bankers" heading carries Judson A. B. & Son, the entry that corrected the first business pass's pre-charter banking silence…
Mishawaka
- 1868–2026Memorial Day as an institution: from Logan's order to the 100th Westside parade
On May 5, 1868, the Grand Army of the Republic's commander-in-chief, John A. Logan, issued General Orders No. 11, designating May 30, 1868, "for the purpose of strewing with flowers, or otherwise decorating the graves of comrades who died in defense of their country during the late rebellion" (VA National Cemetery…
Granger
- 1868–todaySchooling: the common school from 1868, and the fight that is not in this record
The state frame is printed at frame size only — the 1869 permission, and the 1949 act that ended legal school segregation in Indiana — because neither is a Mishawaka event; Mishawaka's own timeline is the family's: 1868 arrival, 1887 graduation, 1908 the second.
Mishawaka
- 1868–todayMemorial Day: from the Grand Army's order to the West Side parade
On 5 May 1868 the order's commander-in-chief, John A. Logan, issued General Order No. 11 designating the 30th of May for decorating the graves of the Union dead, and the posts of the department carried the observance into every county seat in Indiana.
South Bend
- 1869The owners: an era-banded roster of every owner the record names, paired to the firm
To 1869: Jacob Meyer — canal works, then the 460-acre farm holding; entered here as the era's landholder-farmer, no firm named.
Granger
- 1869To 1869
A Eberhart & Co — A Eberhart & Co — Flouring Mills (banked 1868; directories: 1868) A Hutsinger — Hutsinger A — Physicians (banked 1868; directories: 1868) A Taylor — A Taylor — Blacksmith (banked 1868; directories: 1868) Alanson M Hurd — St Joseph Iron Works — Iron Works (banked 1833) B Holcomb — Holcomb B…
Mishawaka
- 1869The carriage crossover that left town: the Milburn Wagon Company
George A. Milburn had been manufacturing wagons in Mishawaka as early as 1853; the Milburn Wagon Company was incorporated in Mishawaka, Indiana, on 23 August 1869, and built the horse-drawn vehicles — farm wagons above all — that the trade of the day ran on.
Mishawaka
- 1869Palmer C. and Pardon J. Perkins — the windmill brothers
On 10 August 1869 he was awarded patent No. 93,472 for an "Improvement in Windmills" — the solid wooden-wheel mill that carried his name — and he turned the axe works over to his nephew Newman Perkins and built the windmill business on the patent.
Mishawaka
- 1869The Polish west side: four parishes and a city within the city
The Polish community made the west side: Polish families began settling South Bend in 1869, drawn by Oliver, Studebaker and Singer; they worshipped first at St. Patrick's, and by 1877 numbered 125 families there.
South Bend
- 1869–1871Sorin's French church — the plans that were refused and the plan that was built
The decision: In the spring of 1869 the Congregation's Provincial Council decided to build a new collegiate church dedicated to Our Lady of the Sacred Heart.
Notre Dame
- 1869–1872Palmer C. Perkins and the windmill: the patent of 10 August 1869
The Patent Office's own list, as Scientific American printed it for the week ending 10 August 1869, carries the grant in one line: "93,472. — WINDMILL. — P. C. Perkins, Mishawaka, Ind." Letters Patent No. 93,472, "Improvement in Windmills," covered the solid wooden-wheel mill that carried his name…
Mishawaka
- 1869–1879Dr. Stephen J. Batchelder — the village's physician, 1869–1879
Batchelder, M.D., born in Clinton County, New York, 21 November 1833, son of Stephen and Polly Batchelder; graduated at the Keokuk College of Physicians and Surgeons in 1856; began practice at Greencastle, Iowa; and in March 1869 came to Osceola, Indiana, "where he remained ten years, except one year, which he spent in California.
Osceola
- 1869–1892The Directory Houses
The Emmet House stood at Franklin and South streets from 1869 to 1872. The Kunstman House, at 125 South Michigan, is listed 1871–72.
South Bend
- 1869–1902The Medal of Honor: two recipients, neither by the usual road
He served as a private in Company G, 1st U.S. Cavalry, and earned the medal in the Chiricahua Mountains, Arizona, on 20 October 1869; the citation, in the Army's form for the Indian campaigns, reads in full: "Gallantry in action with Indians."
South Bend
- 1869–1907The savings-bank and trust-company stratum, as its own layer
Incorporated November 25, 1869, by Louis Humphreys, John C. Knoblock, Thelus M. Bissell, Joseph Worden, Adam S. Baker, T. Wilkes Defrees, David Greenawalt, Almond Bugbee, William F. Bulla, and John C. Birdsell…
Granger
- 1869–1907The South Bend Woolen Company — Mishawaka's men, on South Bend ground
The Monon Society's mill account, carried in South Bend's file, dates the company's operations to 1869 and puts its mill on the east bank of the St. Joseph River between LaSalle and Colfax streets, in South Bend, producing principally woolen fabrics for men's wear — suitings and overcoatings.
Mishawaka
- 1869–1907The South Bend Woolen Company — a Mishawaka house on South Bend ground
The Monon Society's mill account dates the company's operations to 1869 and puts its mill on the east bank of the St. Joseph River between LaSalle and Colfax streets, in South Bend, producing principally woolen fabrics for men's wear — suiting and overcoatings.
South Bend
- 1869–1910The transmission trade: Mishawaka sells power's means
Nor was Dodge alone in the trade: the 1889 directory carries the Keasey Pulley Company in the same town, a second pulley maker in the place Dodge was making a pulley capital, and the Perkins Wind Mill and Axe Company beside them…
Mishawaka
- 1869–1925The Second Tier: Windmills, Axes, and the Fortunes Print Does Not Size
The Perkins brothers: Palmer C. Perkins bought the idle Bement axe factory and turned it to the solid wooden-wheel windmill of his 1869 patent (No. 93,472); his twin brother Pardon Joshua Perkins joined him in 1871, and on 14 July 1873 the brothers and four partners formed a joint-stock company with capital of $4,000…
Mishawaka
- 1869–1953Alice Mannering: the first woman to run for mayor in Indiana
Alice Mannering (born Alice Mae Mandeville, 1869; died 1953): a trained nurse and, by 1917, president of the St. Joseph County Branch of Equal Suffrage.
South Bend
- 1869–1953Alice Mannering: three and a half months a candidate for mayor
Alice Mannering (born Alice Mae Mandeville, 1869; died 1953): a trained nurse — her party's account credited her experience "in a great many of the leading hospitals in the country" — and, by 1917, president of the St. Joseph County Branch of Equal Suffrage.
South Bend
- 1869–1993The wreck test: two railroads, 120 years of crossings, and no wreck on this ground
The test, stated: Transportation carries both of Granger's railroads whole — the Peninsular / Grand Trunk line of 1869–73 and the Big Four's Granger–Niles line of 1882–1993, with its passenger course, crossings and freight — and carries no wreck.
Granger
- 1869–2026War Service Records: What Remains Open
1 (1869) — pages 102 and 188–255 passim, as the Wars section's log names them. This pass reached Terrell in the condensed one-volume edition, Indiana in the War of the Rebellion , and that edition argues the quotas in narrative but does not carry the county tables in a form the county's line can be taken from.
South Bend
- 1869–todayThe Water Level Route: the main line along the south bank
The first road became the great through route of the North: On 6 April 1869 the Michigan Southern & Northern Indiana was consolidated into the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railway, and the line through Mishawaka became part of the Water Level Route…
Mishawaka
- 1869–todayFurniture and undertaking → the funeral home line: Bettcher to Palmer
P. S. Burkhart stands beside him in the same trade (atlas 1875, settled 1869; patrons list likewise). Jeremiah Steel [Steele] lists furniture across the 1880s gazetteers — the atlas prints a Jeremiah Steele as "Farming and Saw Milling," the same man at two trades or two men, not resolved and printed without merger.
North Liberty
- 1869–todayThe Water Level Route: Lake Shore & Michigan Southern to New York Central
The first road to the bend became the great through route of the North: On 6 April 1869 the Michigan Southern & Northern Indiana and its partners were consolidated as the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railway — the Buffalo & Erie was absorbed on 22 June 1869…
South Bend