St. Joseph County, Indiana · 19th century
1880s
234 dated events in 1880s, in order. Part of the full timeline.
19th century 234 dated mentions
1880s
- 1880Chapman's Natural History of the County, 1880
C. Chapman & Co. of Chicago in 1880 — the subscription county history of the settlement generation, its text now held whole at the Internet Archive (Cornell University Library copy).
Granger
- 1880The lost birds: prairie chicken and passenger pigeon, Chapman's warnings with their endings
Chapman saw both of these endings coming and printed the warnings in 1880. Of the prairie chicken he wrote the sentence that heads this section's bird record: "The chiefest among the Grouse family is the prairie chicken, which, if not carefully protected, must ere long follow the wild turkey, never to return."
Granger
- 1880The distillers as a searched negative, with its date span printed: 1880–2011, extended to November 2026
The search runs from the first record that could name a distiller on this ground — Chapman (1880) and Howard (1907), whose township chapters were searched for tavern, inn, hotel, brewery, distillery and winery entries and named none for Harris or Clay…
Granger
- 1880The northern and eastern farm tier — Chalfant, Chirhart, Jennings, Kotz, Stover, Sossomen
Thomas B. Chalfant (§31): came with his parents 1 November 1832 "and settled on the farm on which he still resides" in 1880; township trustee; 236 acres.
Indian Village
- 1880The first school figures — Charles Murray, Daniel A. Veasey, Thomas Eaton
Of the school trustees Chapman names Thomas Eaton , "long in office," and George Stover, incumbent in 1880 (his entry above).
Indian Village
- 1880The meeting-house of 1868, identified
Chapman, in 1880, places a German Baptist church building on section 24, erected 1868, its first pastors Jacob Cripe and Christian Wenger, its pastor in 1880 John B. Wrightsman.
Indian Village
- 1880The 1880 Fish List — and the Sturgeon That Is Not in It
That absence is the baseline for this section's great-fish question: whatever the St. Joseph River carried at the county's north end, the county historian's 1880 fish fauna for the county's waters — the township's lakes and the Yellow River among them — has no sturgeon in it, and no later carrier reached adds one for these waters.
Lakeville
- 1880No Rookery of Record, and the Species Baseline Stays a Named Gap
What stands is the county frame entire: the 1880 quadruped, bird, and fish lists, the restoration arcs, and the lakes' surveyed fish printed in this history — a county fauna within which the township's own list has never been separately written.
Lakeville
- 1880The town Chapman counted, 1880
The same chapter records the township's first school-house — a log structure built in 1836 on the corner of James Moon's farm, its first school taught in the winter of 1836–'7 by James Roberson of South Bend to about twenty scholars as a subscription school…
Lakeville
- 1880The Baseline This Ground Shared: Chapman's County, 1880
The first survey of this ground's animals is a chapter of a book: the second chapter of Chapman's History of St. Joseph County (1880), a natural history of the county — quadrupeds, birds, reptiles, fishes — compiled within living memory of the first settlement, when men who had seen the old abundance were still alive to be asked.
Mishawaka
- 1880The Departed Predators, at Township Size
Chapman's 1880 chapter places all three among the animals that went "with or before" the buffalo, and his rare-and-going list adds the catamount and the lynx — the panther and the catamount being one animal, the cougar, under its two period names, a compiler's artifact of 1880 taxonomy preserved here as printed.
Mishawaka
- 1880The Deer and the Turkey: Gone, and Brought Back Past This Ground
The going is Chapman's: the Virginia deer stands in his 1880 chapter among the departed and the rare.
Mishawaka
- 1880The saloon era: the gazetteers' rosters, 1880–1885, and the peak that does not survive
The roster of 1880-81: Polk's Indiana State Gazetteer for 1880-81 describes a manufacturing village of 2,640 inhabitants with "one bank, one hotel and one weekly newspaper," and its Mishawaka business list names the drinking trade whole.
Mishawaka
- 1880The twenty-three oldest: the census list of 1880
From the 1880 census, as furnished by the enumerators and filed in the clerk's office at South Bend, Chapman prints every person in the county over seventy-five.
New Carlisle
- 1880The richest-man test, run explicitly: "said to be the richest man in St. Joseph county"
The claim is quoted to its contemporary source first: Chapman, 1880, page 766 — "John Reynolds, said to be the richest man in St. Joseph county."
New Carlisle
- 1880The defining feature: a lake-prairie on the divide, measured and named
The prairie first, in Chapman's measure (p. 765): Terre Coupee prairie is "over four miles in diameter and contains 3,000 or 4,000 acres," its land at $80 to $120 an acre in 1880, "almost as level as a barn floor, and just sandy enough"…
New Carlisle
- 1880The first press: the New Carlisle Gazette of 1880, and the end the record contradicts
New Carlisle's press begins, on the record reached, in 1880: the New Carlisle Gazette is the earliest paper the directory seats in the town — forty-five years after the plat, in a village the state gazetteer of 1884–85 describes as an enterprising place of 1,000 inhabitants on the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern…
New Carlisle
- 1880The New Carlisle Gazette: the town's paper, as a source about itself
Chapman, writing in the year of the event, gives the founding at contemporary strength: the Gazette "established as an independent newspaper by G. H. Alward of South Bend and G. M. Fountain of Mishawaka; first number issued Feb. 6, 1880," a six-column folio enlarged to seven columns at its eleventh number…
New Carlisle
- 1880V. S. Bulla
31 and 32 (p. 724). [REGISTER] Carrying fact: a second-generation Liberty landholder at 240 acres in 1880. Howard Vol. 2 carries him again as Vincent S. Bulla — §4.
North Liberty
- 1880The baseline: Chapman's natural history, 1880
The leg's spine is a dated survey: Chapman's History of St. Joseph County (1880) and its natural-history account.
North Liberty
- 1880Rev. Orlando R. Beebe
Licensed as a local preacher 11 May 1872; Methodist appointments Marmont Circuit, Winamac, Argus, Wheeler, Union Mills, then the North Liberty circuit, “where he now lives and labors” (p. 724). [REGISTER] Carrying fact: the town’s 1880 Methodist circuit pastor, with a three-enlistment Civil War record — the military set’s clerical entry.
North Liberty
- 1880Alex. S. Campbell, M.D.
(2) 9 May 1880 Sarah Gordon, daughter of John W. and Elizabeth Gordon (pp. 724–725). [REGISTER] Carrying fact: North Liberty’s resident physician from 1871, one of the four practising physicians in Chapman’s 1880 town business census.
North Liberty
- 1880Eight Churches in 1880: Three in Town, Five in the Country
Chapman's 1880 count is the baseline of this section: three churches in the town of North Liberty and five more in Liberty Township outside it.
North Liberty
- 1880The Country Churches Nobody Named: The Evangelical and United Brethren Houses of 1880
Chapman counts an Evangelical church and a United Brethren church standing in Liberty Township in 1880; no carrier reached names either congregation, gives a site, or tells a fate.
North Liberty
- 1880Hunting and travel country — the township in Chapman's own telling
Third, a named settler household visited, mid-winter: Chapman recounts about a dozen Potawatomi calling at the house of Mr. Waldsmith (the settler of 1838 on section 30) in mid-winter, his wife at home alone; the visitors warmed at the fire, were fed "with great hospitality," and departed…
North Liberty
- 1880The departed predators: wolves, panthers and bears
The South Bend build carried wolves, panthers and bears whole, with last-record evidence sized, against Chapman's 1880 account.
North Liberty
- 1880The historians of the town, counted as authors first
The Chapman company's History of St. Joseph County, Indiana (1880) carries the town at page 719 — the source of the 1837 laying-out date and of the trades census the Story of North Liberty section quotes: two dry-goods establishments, the planing mill, the gristmill, the millinery store, the physicians, and the town's…
North Liberty
- 1880One millinery store: the 1880 trades census
The town's dress trade enters the record in a single line of Chapman's 1880 census of its businesses: "one millinery store."
North Liberty
- 1880The settler roll, second half: Chapman's remaining Penn sketches, J–W
Germany 9 May 1834; erected a saw-mill in 1864 and still operated it in 1880, with a Mishawaka lumber yard (the directory prints his settlement as 1841 against Chapman's 1850 emigration — flagged).
Osceola
- 1880The baseline survey: Chapman's natural history of the county, 1880
C. Chapman & Co.'s History of St. Joseph County, Indiana (Chicago, 1880) — "Natural History — Quadrupeds — Birds — Reptiles — Fishes — Plants," pp. 340–345…
Osceola
- 1880Daniel Kotz — an artist in Chicago, of Clay Township
John G. Kotz of Section 29 — born in Germany in 1822, come to Clay Township in 1847, a farmer of 160 acres — had ten children living in 1880, and Chapman lists their stations: "Jacob a wagon-maker and George a blacksmith, both South Bend; Daniel an artist in Chicago ."
Roseland
- 1880John G. Kotz
Born in Germany in 1822, son of Jacob and Anna (App) Kotz; to America 11 August 1840, in Ohio five years, to this county in the spring of 1846 and Clay Township in 1847; 160 acres on Section 29; built a two-story frame house in 1879 for $1,500; of the Evangelical Church; ten children, all living in 1880…
Roseland
- 1880The Cripes — settlers, and the township's first pastors
Peter's biography in Chapman is the fuller record: born in Ohio in 1824, son of John and Eva (Roof) Cripe, natives of Pennsylvania; "brought by his parents to this county in the fall of 1830, and they first located in German tp., where they died and are buried"…
Roseland
- 1880The McCombses — 1829, and a name the town still elects
Their son William McCombs , born in Wayne County, Ohio, in 1818, married Eva Cripe in 1839 — knitting the two first-settler families together in the settlement's first decade — raised nine children, all living in 1880, and held 247 acres at $60 the acre as "farmer and stock raiser" on Section 26.
Roseland
- 1880The reminiscence papers — the settlement generation telling itself
The township's old-settler stock was collected once, in print, in 1880. Chapman's tenth chapter gathers the county's reminiscence papers, and two of them are Clay Township's.
Roseland
- 1880Chapman's township: a meeting-house and memberships, no society
The 1880 record is not a flat blank for the township's religion, and this section prints its nuance rather than a clean negative.
Roseland
- 1880Oliver addenda — the 1880 count, and the power plant's dates
Six hundred men in 1880: The banked Oliver entry prints the 1876 plan — 400 men casting 300 plows a day — and states that a peak employment figure is not carried in the sources reached.
South Bend
- 1880The Oliver works in 1880: the plant as a place
One works, described whole, stands for the system at its water-and-steam maturity: Chapman's 1880 history walks the Oliver Chilled Plow Works building by building, and it is the fullest single description of a South Bend factory as a working place that the nineteenth-century record gives.
South Bend
- 1880Chapman's Roll of Honor, counted whole: two hundred and thirty names
The pull: Chapman's 1880 county history closes its war chapter with a Roll of Honor — the county's Civil War dead as the county itself compiled them fifteen years after Appomattox.
South Bend
- 1880The bison question, tested on the record
The first witness is Chapman (1880), writing the county's natural history within living memory of settlement: "The buffalo which grazed upon the verdant prairies has been driven westward."
South Bend
- 1880Wolves, panthers, and bears: the departed predators
The county's word: Chapman's 1880 chapter lists the black wolf and the black bear among the animals that went "with or before" the buffalo, and the panther with them; his rare-and-going list adds the catamount and the lynx.
South Bend
- 1880The deer: from Chapman's rarity to the restored herd
The going: The Virginia deer stands in Chapman's 1880 chapter among the animals already effectively gone from the county — "the beautiful Virginia deer" in his list of the departed and the rare.
South Bend
- 1880The wild turkey: gone by the new century, restored by release
The going: Chapman in 1880 already writes the turkey in the past tense of habit: it "has almost entirely disappeared" from the county, though "in an early day they were in abundance."
South Bend
- 1880Chapman's water birds, and what the ditches did
The marsh birds in 1880: Chapman's bird list reads, in its water sections, like a manifest of the marsh world while the marsh still stood.
South Bend
- 1880The river's fish in 1880: Chapman's list
The silence in it: Two absences in the 1880 list carry information.
South Bend
- 1880The bald eagle's return: the county's first nests, 2015
The going, and the long absence: Chapman gives the bald eagle one measured line in 1880: "once quite common, now scarce," with well-preserved specimens in the county — the bird already passing from neighbor to museum piece.
South Bend
- 1880The herons, and the rookery that is not here
The county's heron record, at its true size: What St. Joseph County does hold is Chapman's heron list of 1880 — the great blue heron, the least bittern, the green heron, the night heron, and the American bittern among the waders of the marshes, with the glossy ibis "seen here"…
South Bend
- 1880North Main: Club Lido's building, Fiddler's Hearth, and the Madison Oyster Bar
One block, three eras: The two 1880 storefronts at 125–129 North Main Street hold a compressed century of the city's drinking.
South Bend
- 1880The lodge buildings: from the Lincoln Block to North Main Street
In 1880 the Masons met in rented rooms in the Lincoln Block at 118 Michigan Street, and the Odd Fellows owned the better asset: Chapman notes that the Odd Fellows' order "owns a large and fine hall, underneath which are two store rooms and a number of offices, which yield a good revenue"…
South Bend
- 1880The business census of 1880 — Chapman's count, and the men behind it
Chapman's 1880 canvass is the town's first complete business census, and it is transcribed here whole.
Walkerton
- 1880The town of 1880, in its own census of trades
The roll: the town's history page preserves Chapman's 1880 inventory of Walkerton whole, and it is the nearest thing the founding generation has to a directory: "In 1880, Walkerton consisted of four dry-goods establishments, one clothing store, two hardware and implement stores, three drug stores, one large furniture…
Walkerton
- 1880The first table: Chapman's count and Stephens' store
The town's food economy enters the record as a county history's arithmetic: Chapman, writing in 1880, counts Walkerton with two saloons, two hotels, three drug stores and four dry-goods houses — the eating and drinking houses of a railroad town of a few hundred people…
Walkerton
- 1880Saloons and taverns: two in 1880, and the course the record thins
The drinking course begins at Chapman's count and must honestly thin: two saloons stood in Walkerton in 1880 — Chapman counted them beside the hotels and stores — in a village of the railroad's first generation.
Walkerton
- 1880–1875Before the studio: the itinerant and main-street camera test, to 1880
The directory negative begins in 1880; this test pushes the question back through the town's first half-century, and the camera does not appear there either.
Lakeville
- 1880–1875Chapman's 1880 census, with the names behind its lines
Chapman's town in 1880: two large dry-goods establishments, two boot-and-shoe stores, one drug-and-hardware, one grocery-and-hardware, one planing-mill and manufacturing establishment, one gristmill, one millinery, one butcher, one barber, four physicians, three churches, one schoolhouse.
North Liberty
- 1880–1875George H. Stover
School trustee in 1880, a former schoolteacher who had attended college at Franklin, Indiana; Chapman: he "has held every other office in the tp."
Roseland
- 1880–1875Jacob Eaton — "the oldest permanent living settler"
He married Elizabeth Barnes in 1846; seven children, six living in 1880. He was township trustee for seventeen years.
Roseland
- 1880–1884The directory houses: the gazetteer long tail, swept — a saloon and a livery, and no hotel
The 1880-81 edition carries Granger at the record's smallest size: a post-office station on the Grand Trunk railroad just south of the Michigan state line, in Harris Township, nine miles northeast of the South Bend courthouse, with a Presbyterian church — and, in the gazetteer's own summary, the station "of only two families."
Granger
- 1880–1885Founders who lost their companies: the Swezey and Van Lieu endings
C. J. Swezey — Charles J. Swezey, general store, postmaster in 1880–81, formerly postmaster and trustee in the histories' line — stands in the 1880–81 bench with the town's first full trade roster and is gone by 1882–83, his store replaced in print by Reed & Shaneover's.
Lakeville
- 1880–1889The petition, the 1883 law, and the school board's resolution
The 1920 civic history records that in 1880 "South Bend and a number of other cities sent in a petition to the legislature, requesting authority to establish a free public library, to be maintained by taxes," and that "this law was passed in 1883."
South Bend
- 1880–1906The Saloon-Era Killings — a Tested Class, One Riot, and a Named Gap
The test, stated: whether the saloon-era decades — 1880 to the Ludwig killing of 1906 — hold killings in Mishawaka saloons that can be carried case by case, as the floor's pattern carries them for the county seat.
Mishawaka
- 1880–1907The dated census: Chapman 1880, the 1883 directory, Howard 1907 — and the two townships' negative, read whole
Chapman, 1880 — Mishawaka's own section. Chapman gives Mishawaka a headed "SECRET SOCIETIES" section (pp. 796–797), and it is short: "The Freemasons and Odd Fellows have a fine, well-furnished hall in the third story of the Phoenix Block."
Granger
- 1880–1907Knights of Pythias whole: the lodge, the Uniform Rank, and the Sisters' temple — named where the record names one
In 1880 Chapman could say only that "There is also a lodge of the Knights of Pythias, of recent organization in Mishawaka" — no number, no name.
Granger
- 1880–1907The assessment-insurance alphabet: tents, hives, camps, groves and courts as a benefit machine — and the Grange line
The biography names no grange, no number and no seat — an officer's fact without a seat — so it does not seat a grange in Clay, and the banked negative stands on its own terms; it does prove a Clay Township farmer holding Grange office in 1880, in some grange within riding distance.
Granger
- 1880–1907The Township's Own Ground — What Chapman and Howard Saw
In 1880 the south-central township still held "a good deal of low and useless land," fast disappearing; along the east runs a ridge of "mostly a black, sandy soil" with "some very fine farms" along the Turkey Creek road; around Pleasant and Riddle's lakes — the township's two surviving lakes…
Lakeville
- 1880–1909Boots of three cloths: the felt works, the knit boot, and the missing shirt factory
Dempster Beatty — born in Sandusky City, Ohio, in 1828, and carried in the 1893 county memoirs as "the first man to organize a company for the manufacture of felt boots in Indiana" — came back to Mishawaka in 1876, and in 1880 began business with his son Leonard E. Beatty in the manufacture of felt boots.
Mishawaka
- 1880–1914The passenger pigeon over the county
It is a decline recorded in real time by a man who had heard the fuller version — the visits continuing, the numbers already thinned, in 1880, thirty-four years before the last pigeon on earth died in the Cincinnati Zoo in 1914.
South Bend
- 1880–1916The paper and pulp cluster — the incorporations, and the first paper made here
March 4, 1880, the Mishawaka Wood Pulp Company: capital fifteen thousand dollars; incorporators Lucius Clark, John F. Clark and Robert R. Clark.
Mishawaka
- 1880–1917No tannery, no market house: the two firsts that were never here
Polk's Indiana State Gazetteer and Business Directory for 1880–81, the first gazetteer of the town's era, prints Lakeville whole: "Union township, St. Joseph county… some 150 inhabitants, 10 miles south of South Bend… two churches — Methodist and Christian — daily stage to South Bend, fare 50c, and Plymouth, fare 75c.
Lakeville
- 1880–1917The Gazetteers' Sentences — "Wood, Lumber and Grain Are Marketed"
Polk's 1880–81 entry fixes the pre-rail geography: the town stands ten miles south of South Bend — the county seat and banking town — on a daily stage route, and the gazetteer's shipment direction for the town is South Bend…
Lakeville
- 1880–1917C85 — the Physicians of 1880: Polk's Four Against Chapman's Three
Chapman's side, first-hand: his History of St. Joseph County (Chicago, 1880; preface dated December 1880), Union Township chapter, village passage (p. 951), counts the village's trades in kinds…
Lakeville
- 1880–1921The telephone — wires hung in April 1880
The arrival, as the town's own paper saw it: The city's commissioned history, Peter J. De Kever's Mishawaka: A History , dates the adoption to a single month: "In April 1880, the first telephone wires were hung in Mishawaka, phones were received by subscribers, and a central exchange opened."
Mishawaka
- 1880–1923The historians, as authors
The 1880 county history that bears Chas. C. Chapman & Co.'s name was a Chicago subscription house's production — the first full history of the county, written by the trade's method.
South Bend
- 1880–1929The working day
The Studebaker family's memory of the wagon trade's earlier generation, preserved in the 1880 county history, has the patriarch at forge and bench "from four o'clock in the morning until nine at night," and the youngest brother's verdict: "there was no ten or eight hour system then…
South Bend
- 1880–1961The origin ground: the fairgrounds course and the oval inside the amusement park — South Bend's, both dated, and a Granger-side negative stated plainly
Playland Park, bounded by the St. Joseph River, Ironwood Drive and Lincolnway East in South Bend, began in 1880 as a trolley park called Springbrook Park (one source spells it Springbook).
Granger
- 1880–1961Amusement Grounds Across the Line
(Its founding dates conflict in the record and both print: the park's published history gives the park's creation as 1880, while the Clio and county-library strands date the streetcar company's Springbrook opening to 1899.)
Granger
- 1880–1961Playland Park: the trolley park on the river
South Bend's amusement park began in 1880, on the standard trolley park logic of its era: a pleasure ground at the end of the line, on the St. Joseph River where Ironwood Drive and Lincolnway East meet, so that the fare to reach it paid for the ride twice.
South Bend
- 1880–1967Rail-era outward flows, at directory strength only
Pre-rail, in Polk's 1880–81 gazetteer, L. S. and N. W. Pearce stand as cattle dealers at North Liberty (the 1875 atlas lists L. S. Pearse as "Farmer and Stock Dealer"), and the same gazetteer gives the town's nearest railroad approach as Walkerton, six miles — so any 1880s livestock trade moved overland to someone else's railhead.
North Liberty
- 1880–1972The prairie chicken: Chapman's warning, and the last bird
The warning, 1880: Of the prairie chicken Chapman wrote the most prophetic sentence in his natural-history chapter: the bird remained, but "if not carefully protected, must ere long follow the wild turkey, never to return."
South Bend
- 1880–2005Extirpation and return, four arcs: deer, wild turkey, otter, beaver
The trade's first casualty here as everywhere: Chapman already lists the beaver gone in 1880.
Osceola
- 1880–2005The otter: out by 1942, back by spread
The going: The otter stands in Chapman's 1880 chapter in the rare-and-going company, and the state's scientific record fixes its Indiana ending: protected by law in 1921, the river otter nevertheless declined through the early 1900s under unregulated harvest and habitat loss and "was believed extirpated from the state by 1942."
South Bend
- 1880–2012Works first: the historians of this ground, carried by their bibliographies
C. Chapman & Co., 1880; 986 pages in the digitised copy). The title page itself teaches the grading lesson this section runs on: “Chapman” is the publishing house, Chas.
Granger
- 1880–2015The transformation counted as a ladder, with its missing rungs named
Rung one, 1880: Chapman's count, banked above — one grist-mill, one planing-mill and manufacturing establishment, no hands counted.
North Liberty
- 1880–2020The census line: six hundred for forty years, then the climb
The published decennial series opens in 1880; no separate returns for the town appear in the table for 1850–1870.
New Carlisle
- 1880–2020The series in full, 1880–2020 — and the three censuses that are missing
The federal census has counted New Carlisle as a separate place in every enumeration from 1880 to 2020, and the line it draws is the Story of New Carlisle section of this section: 1880, 530; 1890, 607; 1900, 597; 1910, 612; 1920, 609; 1930, 718; 1940, 747; 1950, 983; 1960, 1,376; 1970, 1,434; 1980, 1,439; 1990, 1,446…
New Carlisle
- 1880–2020The eras read off the numbers
First, the long plateau of the railroad age, 1880–1920: from 530 to 609, a gain of 14.9 percent across forty years, containing two outright declines — 607 to 597 between 1890 and 1900 (−1.6 percent), 612 to 609 between 1910 and 1920 (−0.5 percent).
New Carlisle
- 1880–2020The town series, whole
The town's decennial line, with each census's status stated: 1880: 129 — settled from the Tenth Census itself, the unincorporated-places list in Volume I (p. 158), which returns "Osceola — Penn township — Saint Joseph county — 129"…
Osceola
- 1880–2022The frame: the county in numbers, the township at its size
Chapman's agricultural chapter prints a township-by-township table of the county's products for 1880 from the assessors' returns, in which Penn stands with its own row…
Osceola
- 1880–2022The county in numbers: the agricultural-census frame as a dated series
The nineteenth-century structure is carried in the published census volumes the row names as settler class — the decennial agriculture volumes (1880–1920) and the quinquennial Censuses of Agriculture (1925 onward, incl. the 1950 Vol. I county tables for Indiana) print number of farms, acreage and average size for St.…
Osceola
- 1880–2022The corn-and-livestock order, and the dairy record — stock-raising whole, a creamery never named
Chapman's summary line of 1880 — "farming in connection with stock-raising" — is the township's second order arriving inside the first.
Walkerton
- 1880–2026The collectors and their stock: who wrote the old settlers down, and what survives of the telling
The first is the Chapman history of 1880 — History of St. Joseph County, Indiana (Chas. C. Chapman & Co.), written a generation from the events, when men who had cleared the prairie were still alive to be interviewed.
Granger
- 1880–2026Ethnic and immigrant club bands as a training system: the test
The test for this ground was run in Chapman (1880) and Howard (1907), societies chapters read for Clay and Harris township entries, and in the church and club records reached through the build's Religion and culture passes: no Italian, German, Polish, or other ethnic club band, lodge band, or parish band is named for…
Granger
- 1880–2026The memory-keepers: who wrote the place down
The roll runs: the Chapman county history of 1880, whose township chapters are the first written Granger; Timothy Edward Howard's History of St. Joseph County of 1907, the judge-historian's two volumes, still the Story of Granger section of every later account including this build's…
Granger
- 1880–2026Unresolved Crime Cases, 1880–1995
The Dice killing, 1880: Ephraim Dice's death outside Hughes' saloon on August 23, 1880, stands in Chapman where the Crime file left it: seven men arrested after the two-day examination before Justice Harbaugh, Charles Kelley and Andrew Pfaffenbach held to bail at $2,000 each, the others discharged, and Chapman closing mid-case.
South Bend
- 1880–2026The Bank Course, 1880–2026
Chapman's 1880 business census, transcribed above, names about fifty business men and no bank — the word does not occur in his Lincoln Township chapter.
Walkerton
- 1880–2026Bank robberies: the test run, and its result
The nineteenth-century page stands blank on better evidence than silence: Chapman's 1880 census of Walkerton's business — four dry-goods stores, a clothing store, hardware and implement stores, three drug stores, a furniture store, two hotels, two printing offices, meat shops, two saloons, fifty businessmen in all — names no bank .
Walkerton
- 1880–todayThe dairy line: a university's milk, a township creamery share
Chapman's 1880 sentence fixes the first fact: Notre Dame's Harris Township farm raised "their beef and their milk supply for the University" — a dairy herd kept on drained marsh pasture, milking for an institution's table a few miles west, a generation before the township had a creamery to sell to.
Granger
- 1880–todayThe baseline: a department-store street at farm-town scale
The trades censuses carried in the Story of North Liberty section and businesses legs — Chapman's in 1880, the 1940 directory's twenty-one Main Street businesses…
North Liberty
- 1880–todayThe Lutheran Thread: Chapman's German Lutheran Church and St. John's Today
A German Lutheran church stood in the township in 1880; a St. John's Lutheran Church stands on Riley Road on the town's present roll; whether the second continues the first, no read carrier establishes.
North Liberty
- 2000sThe ethnic superlatives: "second in size in the State," against "~300 families"
The first is Chapman's, at first hand, of the Good Templars' Olive Branch Lodge No. 149: "From Nov. 1, 1878, to Aug. 1, 1880, the membership increased from 95 to 143, and the lodge is now the second in size in the State."
New Carlisle
- 1881Two obituaries, eleven days apart — and the "first colored man" line
The South Bend Tribune of 1 October 1881, under the head "Death of Andrew J. Huggard," called him "one of the most industrious and conscientious men we ever met" and stated, as the Bureau's review quotes it, "he was, we believe, the first colored man to run for office in this county ."
Lakeville
- 1881–1899The Houses of the 1880s and 1890s: Bristol, Grand View, and the Depot House
At 122–124 South Main Street, Dr. Robert Harris and Edward M. Irvin erected a hotel in 1880, opened in 1881 by L. H. Packard as the European Hotel.
South Bend
- 1881–1903The Grounds "Between South Bend and Mishawaka," and Penn Township's Share
Under the state act of 1873, which let a county spend up to five thousand dollars buying land for agricultural and horticultural fairs, the St. Joseph County commissioners ordered on 20 April 1881 the purchase of forty acres "on the north side of the St. Joseph river, between South Bend and Mishawaka"…
Mishawaka
- 1881–1906The forty acres between the cities: the fair becomes Potawatomi Park
On 3 February 1881 the Northern Indiana Agricultural Society was formed to hold fairs on grounds to be purchased by the county under that act, organized as a stock company with shares at five dollars and no limit on their number.
South Bend
- 1881–1921The laundries — a trade with no heading
Steam Laundry, at 112 East Jefferson Street, telephone 321, advertised itself "ESTABLISHED 1881" — the founding date the missing heading failed to record.
South Bend
- 1881–1983The Three I: from the Kankakee country to the Kankakee Belt
The north–south line came out of a foreclosure and a decade of building westward: after the Plymouth, Kankakee & Pacific foreclosure sale of 5 May 1881, the Indiana, Illinois & Iowa Railroad was created in Illinois on 11 July 1881 and consolidated on 27 December 1881; it built from Momence, Illinois, to North Judson, Indiana…
North Liberty
- 1881–1993The second railroad: the Big Four's Granger–Niles line, 1882–1993
The Elkhart, Niles and Lake Michigan Railroad built south from Niles, Michigan, to a connection with the Grand Trunk at Granger — the Niles History Center dates the building to 1882…
Granger
- 1882The temperance women and the windmill money: the orphans' home founded, 1882
In May 1882 three local members of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union — Julia E. Work, Myra Clark, and Mrs. Henry Milburn — attended the state WCTU convention in Indianapolis and heard Frances Willard, the national WCTU's president, speak.
Mishawaka
- 1882The Children's Campus: the city's own institution
Mishawaka's one indigenous institution of the mind began as an orphanage: The ground's founding stands in this history's Charities record and is carried here in a line: the St. Joseph County Orphans Home, opened in July 1882 on Vistula Street by the Woman's Christian Temperance Union's founding charity, and rebuilt in 1907…
Mishawaka
- 1882St. Joseph's Hospital: the Sisters' founding, 1881–1882
Saint Joseph Health System dates its own founding to what followed: in 1882 Saint Joseph's Hospital became, in the medical center's published words, the first institution in South Bend to care for the sick.
South Bend
- 1882–1883The named companies of 1882 · South Bend Light Infantry and South Bend Veterans
When Indiana rebuilt its militia after the Civil War, South Bend stood in the first organization with two named companies: The Indiana Legion reorganization of 1882 gathered the state's independent companies into regiments, and the Military Department of Indiana's own history lists the South Bend Light Infantry and…
South Bend
- 1882–1883The directory of 1882–83 — Polk's entry transcribed whole
The bank line is the gazetteer's own: in 1882 the nearest bank to Walkerton was at Plymouth, in Marshall County.
Walkerton
- 1882–1884Building the Vandalia: the route fight and the phased construction, 1882–1884
In 1882 the McKeen syndicate that owned the Terre Haute & Logansport determined to extend its road from Logansport to South Bend, sixty-seven miles, on grades no steeper than 26.4 feet to the mile with sixty-pound steel rails.
Lakeville
- 1882–1886Horse cars and the first electric experiments: tested for Osceola, and found only in South Bend
South Bend holds Indiana's first recorded electrification attempt: in 1882 the South Bend Street Railway tried Van Depoele's electric system and the car moved only feet before the current dissipated in the track.
Osceola
- 1882–1886The 1882 attempt and Van Depoele's cars: the first electric streetcars
The failure of 1882: South Bend's claim on electric traction begins with a failure, and the failure is documented first-hand in the state history of its electric railroads.
South Bend
- 1882–1890Horse cars first: the South Bend Railway Company of 1885 and the Van Depoele electric experiment
Marlette's Electric Railroads of Indiana (1959) supplies the course: a first Indiana electrification attempt at South Bend in 1882 , when a car moved only a few feet before its current dissipated into the ground…
Granger
- 1882–1891Julia Work's home, and the feud that split it, 1882–1891
The superintendent and the society ladies: Julia A. (Edwards) Work took up the work on 20 June 1882 and was the home's superintendent from June 1882 to February 1891…
Mishawaka
- 1882–1899The split pulley: Dodge and Philion, the patent of 4 July 1882, and the pulley wars
Letters Patent No. 260,462, granted 4 July 1882 to Wallace H. Dodge and George Philion — Philion being the third incorporator of the Dodge Manufacturing Company in 1880, beside the two Dodge brothers — covered the separable pulley the company sold as the Independence Wood Split Pulley.
Mishawaka
- 1882–1918The Grand Kankakee Marsh and the market gun
The drainage that ended the marsh — the ditching and dredging of 1882 to 1918 that straightened the Kankakee and emptied its wetlands into farmland — is told in the land file of this record; its faunal consequence is the subject of the entry that follows.
South Bend
- 1882–1932The temperance organization: the WCTU and Julia E. Work
In May 1882 three Mishawaka women — Julia E. Work, Myra Clark, and Mrs. Henry Milburn, members of the local union — attended the state WCTU convention at Indianapolis and heard Frances Willard, the national president, make the case for a children's home.
Mishawaka
- 1882–1993The Big Four at Granger: the county's other New York Central line
One more Central line crossed the county's northeast corner without ever being South Bend's: The Elkhart, Niles & Lake Michigan Railroad built from Niles south to Granger in 1882, and the Cincinnati, Wabash & Michigan extended the line north from Granger to Benton Harbor in November of that year.
South Bend
- 1882–2023Building-and-loans, and the four credit unions as separate histories
The Polk South Bend City Directory for 1921 prints the county seat's building-and-loan roll under its own heading, and it is a real stratum: the Building & Loan Association of South Bend , 216 W. Washington, incorporated July 5, 1882, capital stock $3,000,000…
Granger
- 1882–2026The hospital question: none inside the line — and the one across it
That pattern is the era before 2019, stated whole: for a century and a third, the hospitals of this ground's people stood where the county's medicine had always stood — St. Joseph's, the county's first hospital, in South Bend from 1882, and Epworth Hospital from 1894, Memorial Hospital from 1945 in succession…
Granger
- 1882–2026Mental-Health Practice at Anchor Size
The ground: Mishawaka's mental-health practice record begins on ground the charities file owns: the St. Joseph County Orphans Home, opened in July 1882 on Vistula Street by the Woman's Christian Temperance Union's founding charity, and rebuilt in 1907 at the southwest corner of Logan and West Second Streets for the…
Mishawaka
- 1882–todayThe women founders — tested whole
In May 1882 three local members of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union — Julia E. Work, Myra Clark, and Mrs. Henry Milburn — attended the state WCTU convention in Indianapolis and heard Frances Willard speak.
Mishawaka
- 1883The families on the bank and store side — Eberhart, Kamm, Perkins, Wiekamp
The Kamms, in the corporate record: The brewery's 1883 incorporation, carried in full above, puts the second generation in the company's offices at the founding of the corporation itself: Adolph Kamm president, his brother-in-law Nicholas Schellinger treasurer, and Adolph's daughter Laura Kamm secretary.
Mishawaka
- 1883Houghton Post No. 128 as an order: the Grand Army in Mishawaka
The division, stated: Houghton Post of the Grand Army of the Republic stands whole in this history's Veterans section — its Department of Indiana dates, 1883–1936, from the department's own records as indexed by the state archives; its formation out of South Bend's Auten Post…
Mishawaka
- 1883The university's honors, in one boundary paragraph
The boundary: The University of Notre Dame keeps an honors record of its own — its Laetare Medal, awarded since 1883 to an American Catholic and described by the university as the oldest and most prestigious honor of its kind in the country; its commencement honorary degrees, given year by year since the nineteenth century…
Notre Dame
- 1883The other chilled plows — the Bissell and Economist works
Farr's 1883 directory names the other two, and they stand here at the size the directory gives them, which is all the record reached gives them.
South Bend
- 1883The printers — the press as a business
The trade: The newspapers' editorial record belongs to this history's media pass; their printing firms' commercial record belongs here, and Farr's 1883 directory is its document.
South Bend
- 1883Coal, and the carrying trades
No transfer heading: The directory carries no heading for transfer or storage companies in 1883, and the absence is printed as a finding: the function was served by other trades.
South Bend
- 1883The shirt city: Wilson Brothers and the white dress shirt
Wilson Brothers, founded in Cincinnati in 1864 and headquartered in Chicago, began manufacturing in South Bend in 1883 on the second floor of the post office building, and in 1887 bought its factory ground from J. D. Oliver south of Sample Street on a recorded condition: within ten years the plant would employ 1,000 women.
South Bend
- 1883The fashion floors: Robertson's, Wyman's, Ellsworth's, and Sax
Wyman's — George Wyman & Co. — was already in Farr's dry-goods list of 1883, at 107 and 109 North Michigan; it traded into the mall age and closed in 1972.
South Bend
- 1883–1907The second rank — Howard's list and the directory's small headings
Iron and wood, 1883: Under Boiler Makers the directory carries one firm, "Mathews, Jonathan, 306 to 314 e Tutt" — Howard's list keeps the trade and spells the name "Matthews": the Matthews Steam Boiler Works, "long conducted by Jonathan Matthews," with the Hull Brothers' Boiler Company, Thaddeus M. Talcott's Boiler…
South Bend
- 1883–1921The custom trades: milliners, dressmakers, and tailors
Farr's directory of 1883 — the city's ninth — lists eight milliners in its classified pages, every one a woman trading under her own name: Mrs. A. Barrett & Co., at 110 East Washington; Mrs. A. E. Berkley, at 124 North Michigan, advertising "millinery, hair goods, etc."; Miss May Bronner; Mrs. William Fox; Mrs. M. A. Fralick…
South Bend
- 1883–1925Perkins windmills: water for the Plains, by the thousand
The company's sales line, in Gas Engine Magazine's company history, runs from 1,500 windmills in 1883 to 5,000 a year in 1899 — and the St. Joseph County Public Library's account, carried on the city's 2014 marker, states where those mills went: the solid-wheel Perkins mills "pumped water across the Great Plains farm…
Mishawaka
- 1883–1934The ice trade — lake ice by wagon
The dealers: Farr's 1883 directory gives the ice trade two houses under Ice Dealers: "Seek, George & Son, 121 n Main" and "Jackson & Wing, 105 n Michigan" — the OCR of the directory's text layer renders the first name "Seek," and it is printed as the directory carries it.
South Bend
- 1883–1936Houghton Post No. 128: the Grand Army in Mishawaka
The Department of Indiana's own post records, as indexed by the Indiana Archives and Records Administration from the department's files, carry it at Mishawaka, St. Joseph County, with the dates 1883–1936…
Mishawaka
- 1883–1945Working women: sewing rooms, the sit-down, and the war
Behind the factory rows stand the tradeswomen of the directories: Farr's directory of 1883 lists eight milliners in its classified pages, every one a woman trading under her own name, and the Owners Roster carries the city's women proprietors at directory size across its whole run.
South Bend
- 1883–1962Ivan Meštrović: the sculptor in residence
Ivan Meštrović (1883–1962): the Croatian sculptor who ended a world career as South Bend's professor.
Notre Dame
- 1883–1966The Sanborn test: no fire-insurance survey of Osceola exists in the collections searched
Tested negative, with the county's positive runs placed beside it: the Sanborn Map Company surveyed Indiana's insurable towns from the 1880s to the middle 1950s — as many as ten editions for some towns, in the State Library's summary…
Osceola
- 1883–1975Wilson Brothers — the shirt factory
South Bend's part began in 1883, when the company started manufacturing on the second floor of the post office building on South Michigan Street.
South Bend
- 1883–2005The undertakers — from the university's coffin shop to McGann Hay
The trade in 1883: Farr's directory gives the undertaking trade three houses, and the same names stand under Furniture Manufacturers and Dealers — the era's standard pairing of the cabinetmaker's and the undertaker's trades: "Barmore, N. L., 126 n Michigan," "Knoblock Bros., 130 n Main," and "Liphart, C, 122 s Michigan."
South Bend
- 1883–2017How the city has honored them: the commemorations, tested
The Grand Army of the Republic's Houghton Post No. 128, chartered in 1883 and standing to 1936, bore the name of Captain James Houghton of Company I, 9th Indiana, killed at Shiloh on 7 April 1862 — a naming for a fallen captain, who holds no decoration of record…
Mishawaka
- 1883–2026"Founded in 1883": the life of a date that nobody celebrated
The telling: this place was founded in 1883 — a date firm enough, in the modern summaries, to stand as the first fact of its history, and the warrant for a centennial in 1983 that the Arts file of this build looked for and could not find: no performance, no festival, no observance of any kind stands in the record it…
Granger
- 1883–2026The clothiers' courses: who sold dress, era by era, and what replaced them
First era, the custom-and-dry-goods town: the 1883 South Bend directory carries dressmakers and tailors by name in its alphabetical list and a millinery and dress-goods house advertising silks, dress goods, caps and millinery received direct from manufacturers.
Granger
- 1883–2026The ethnic trades at scale: meat and sausage in the directories, and the cookbook that is not there
Farr's South Bend directory for 1883 gives the trade its own business-review heading — “BUTCHERS. The butchering business is quite a feature in this city.
Granger
- 1884The first public objects: a soldiers' monument and a princess's boulder
The ledger opens in Battell Park: The city's first public artwork is the Soldiers' Monument of 1884 — white bronze, thirty-two feet, $1,460 — raised by the subscription generation that built the park itself.
Mishawaka
- 1884–1885The first forms: the village trade of 1884–85, named whole — and the bank and the market, at the end of their records
The station village, from the settler itself: Polk's Indiana State Gazetteer and Business Directory for 1884–85 — one of the two settling sources the banked file names for this item — carries Granger whole, in a single entry, and the entry is the village's trade at its first full printing.
Granger
- 1884–1885Emerick's Opera House: the gazetteer's one line, and the house the record has not given back
The opera-house test, run the Walkerton way, comes back positive — at directory strength, and only at directory strength: Polk's Indiana State Gazetteer and Business Directory for 1884–85, in its statewide "Theatres and Halls" list, names Emerick's Opera House, New Carlisle .
New Carlisle
- 1884–1885The 1884–85 census of firms: eleven listings, and the banking line
Read as a census, the village of 1884 is a mill seat with a depot trade: two mills, two blacksmiths, two carpenters, one store, one livestock dealer, one grain dealer who was also the railroad's agent, one physician, one justice…
Osceola
- 1884–1885The directory of 1884–85 — Polk's second canvass
Where the 1882 header carried two newspapers, the 1884 header carries one — the Visitor alone; the Republican 's last directory sighting is 1882, and its end is undated in the record read.
Walkerton
- 1884–1885The gazetteer band of 1884–85: three physicians, one dentist, three druggists
Polk's Indiana State Gazetteer for 1884–85 gives the first complete professional census of the town's health trades.
Walkerton
- 1884–1914The boomtown mayors: Colfax's son and the eight-year man
George W. Loughman (1884–1888): Loughman (1846–1909) was, in the local historian's phrase, the busiest man in South Bend: freight agent for the largest railroad in the city, president of a building and loan association, president of his own life insurance company, and foreman of the Number One fire crew…
South Bend
- 1884–1917The directory houses: the long tail, recovered — and what it holds for Osceola
Polk's Indiana State Gazetteer for 1884–85 (vol.
Osceola
- 1884–1929The elevation fight: two Supreme Court cases and a viaduct
The city sued to compel the Terre Haute & Logansport to open its Calvert Street crossing, conform the roadbed to the street grade, and plank the crossing safe, under the franchise of 10 November 1884; an unperformed contract of 17 January 1902 for a steel viaduct at Elmira (Calvert) Street was in the case as well.
South Bend
- 1884–1934Charles L. O'Donnell — and the campus poetry line
Charles Leo O'Donnell, C.S.C., was born at Greenfield, Indiana, on 15 November 1884, was formed by Notre Dame, taught English there from 1910 — the appointment came, on his own account, because the university needed teachers who could write…
Notre Dame
- 1884–2026The memorials' own course: 1884 to the present
The soldiers' monument, 1884: Mishawaka's first war memorial stands in Battell Park, the city's oldest park, given to the city in 1881 by the Battell family.
Mishawaka
- 1884–2026Monuments and markers as built objects
The Soldiers' Monument of 1884 in Battell Park — white bronze, thirty-two feet, $1,460 — stands in the park's article above.
Mishawaka
- 1884–2026The parish school's present state: tested against the diocese, and standing as a gap
The banked course stands: St. Stanislaus Kostka's school ran 1884–1925, and reopened on 11 September 1995.
New Carlisle
- 1884–2026Chain presence at honest size: none in the gazetteer age, no supermarket ever seated — and one discount chain store on Lincolnway today
The historical canvasses hold no chain at all: every name in Polk's two whole censuses of this town — the eleven listings of 1884–85 and the five of 1916–17, printed whole in Businesses…
Osceola
- 1884–todaySt. Stanislaus Kostka Parish, Terre Coupee — the Catholic parish, founded 1884
In 1884 the Rev. Valentine Czyzewski, C.S.C., pastor of St. Hedwig in South Bend, founded the parish and chose its patron, the boy saint Stanislaus Kostka.
New Carlisle
- 1884–todayThe Terre Coupee parish ground: a tested question
A Polish parish seated since 1884, with a school, a rectory, a hall and a grotto, would ordinarily keep a burying ground of its own — and for St. Stanislaus Kostka at Terre Coupee, no record read for this build attests one.
New Carlisle
- 1884–todayThe mutual layer: an integrated burial association, 1884, and the churches
The Porter Cemetery Association, formed 9 May 1884 with both white and African-American charter members (Indiana Historical Bureau marker 71.2003.1), took charge of the burial ground Samuel Gard had deeded in 1854 and manages it still, an active independent cemetery inside Potato Creek State Park.
North Liberty
- 1884–todayThe Vandalia: the Pennsylvania's road from Logansport
The sixth road came up from the south, and it kept its own station to the end: The Terre Haute & Logansport Railroad finished its sixty-nine-mile Logansport–South Bend line in 1884, and the city granted its street-crossing franchise on 10 November 1884…
South Bend
- 1885The company press: the Dodge Idea, a factory monthly with twice the town's circulation
Ayer's 1920 directory lists, under Mishawaka, the Dodge Idea: monthly, industrial and mechanical, established 1885, subscription fifty cents, circulation 30,000 — against the same page's town line giving Mishawaka 14,579 people, and the Enterprise's 1,150.
Mishawaka
- 1885Horse cars: the first company, 1885
The charter and the first car: The South Bend Railway Company was chartered on 18 January 1885 — the date the Trains section records from the state's own journal — and streetcar service in South Bend began that spring on Washington Street.
South Bend
- 1885The Touring Record
Taken together they state the record's plain conclusion: a city of South Bend's size has held a place on the American touring map continuously from 1885 to the announced season of 2026–27, and the place it holds is, as it has been since 1922, one room on Michigan Street.
South Bend
- 1885The Catholic benefit societies
The Ancient Order of Hibernians, Division No. 1 of St. Joseph County, was founded in January 1885. The Catholic Knights of America stood in St. Paul's Branch No. 408, founded in September 1885 by the Rev. Michael Ph.
South Bend
- 1885The Catholic orders: Columbus, Foresters, Catholic Knights, Hibernians
The Ancient Order of Hibernians came first: Division No. 1 of St. Joseph County was founded in January 1885, meeting the first and third Sunday afternoons, the Irish order at home in an Irish-German-Polish city.
South Bend
- 1885–1890Horse cars on two banks: the first line, 1885-1886
Construction of a streetcar line connecting Mishawaka to South Bend began in early September 1885 and was ready for the public a month later; on 10 October 1885 the three available streetcars carried 1,600 passengers, with sometimes 80 passengers crowded into cars built to carry half that number.
Mishawaka
- 1885–1933Ring Lardner — the Times years
Ringgold Wilmer Lardner was born in Niles, Michigan, on 6 March 1885, twenty miles from this city, and South Bend gave him his start: in the fall of 1905 — on the Indiana Journalism Hall of Fame's account, drawn from Jonathan Yardley's biography…
South Bend
- 1885–1940The Catholic orders as a suite
Ancient Order of Hibernians, Division No. 1 , founded January 1885 — the Irish Catholic line, in Howard. The St. Joseph County Federation of Catholic Societies — the county umbrella, in Howard.
Osceola
- 1885–1940The other interurban: the Northern Indiana Railway
The South Shore was the famous electric road, but it was not the only one — a second system tied South Bend to its Indiana and Michigan neighbors, and died a generation earlier: The system grew from the South Bend Railway Company, chartered 18 January 1885, whose October 1885 electric cars the Story of South Bend…
South Bend
- 1885–2012The Lost Downtown — the Oliver Hotel, the Opera House, the Colfax
The family's other downtown monument went the same way a decade later — the Oliver Opera House of 1885, demolished in 1978.
South Bend
- 1885–2026The opera-house test, run by name, and the halls
The county's opera house stands in South Bend and is boundary-told in one line: the Oliver Opera House, opened 1885 on Main Street by the Oliver plow family, James and J. D. Oliver, at a cost of $200,000 and reputed among the finest opera houses in the United States, its scenery painted by the Chicago Opera House's…
Granger
- 1885–2026The Catholic orders as a suite: Knights of America, Foresters, the Legion and Columbia lines — and the Knights of Columbus on Granger ground
In South Bend: Catholic Order of Foresters, St. Edward Court No. 1424; Ancient Order of Hibernians, Division No. 1, founded January 1885; Catholic Knights of America, St. Paul's Branch No. 408, founded September 1885, and St. Boniface Branch No. 701, with St. Mary's Commandery, Uniform Rank of the C.K. of A.…
Granger
- 1885–2026The ethnic and national nests, individually: the Falcons and the west-side clubs are South Bend's
The nests, named individually as the checklist requires — and every one of them South Bend's: the M.R. Falcons — the Mieczysław Romanowski Falcons, organised in South Bend in 1894 in the county's immigrant-societies record…
Osceola
- 1886The Humane Society: Mishawaka's Own
Its own history page states the founding: "Incorporated in 1886, the Humane Society of St. Joseph County is one of Indiana's oldest service agencies and still functions as one of the largest animal care, control and adoption facilities in Indiana."
Mishawaka
- 1886The county's animal shelter was Mishawaka's all along
The Humane Society of St. Joseph County — the county's humane society, incorporated in 1886 — is seated at 2506 Grape Road, in Mishawaka, and for roughly sixty years it was the county's animal-control agency besides: the county's stray dogs, cruelty cases and impoundments ran through a Mishawaka address while the…
Mishawaka
- 1886Fifteen minutes of hail: the fair of 1886
The storm: The county fair held in 1886 is remembered in the county history not for anything exhibited at it but for the weather that hit it.
South Bend
- 1886The Independent under the Endlys: 1886 into the twentieth century
The paper's own surviving issues complicate the title Howard gives, and the complication prints whole: the issues of 1890–1892 reached in Hoosier State Chronicles run under the title St. Joseph County Independent…
Walkerton
- 1886–1887The seamless knitted boot: Beiger and Eberhart, and the patent of 26 July 1887
A knitted wool boot with no seam to chafe and no woven cloth to bag, knit to hold the shape of the leg and foot — the marker on the ground states the earned claim in the form this section adopts: the 1886 all-knit boot was "the first wool boot to hold its shape without shrinking or stretching."
Mishawaka
- 1886–1889Tippecanoe Place — the National Historic Landmark
The Architecture history in this record owns the house whole — Henry Ives Cobb's design, the 1886–89 build, the name's two documented theories, and the size the sources do not agree on (24,000 square feet in the restaurant-era accounts, 26,000 in the university's survey; both stand in Architecture's record).
South Bend
- 1886–1889Tippecanoe Place — the Clement Studebaker House (1886–89)
Clement Studebaker bought the parcel in 1868 and lived in an earlier house on the site; in 1886 he moved that house to 202 South Scott Street — it is no longer extant — and began the mansion on the bluff.
South Bend
- 1886–1893The all-knit boot and the reorganization of 1886
The invention: In 1886 Martin V. Beiger and Adolphus Eberhart invented the all-knit wool boot — in the words of the Ball-Band Factory marker that stands on the site today, the first wool boot to hold its shape without shrinking or stretching.
Mishawaka
- 1886–1920The paid department: organized 26 November 1886
On 26 July 1886 a committee sent out to examine paid fire departments in other cities reported in favor of the system in operation in Kalamazoo, and recommended for South Bend: one two-horse hose carriage, two one-horse carriages, one hook and ladder truck with a sixty-foot extension ladder drawn by two horses, and…
South Bend
- 1886–1929The Sanborn run, measured: five editions, on film, unopened
The fire-insurance map is the most truthful portrait a small town ever sat for, and New Carlisle sat five times: the Sanborn Map Company's editions for this town run 1886, 1893, 1899, 1907 and 1929…
New Carlisle
- 1886–1990Three congressmen promoted from the succession list
Samuel B. Pettengill (1886–1974): the congressman of the court-packing fight.
South Bend
- 1886–2000The Ball Band Ground — the Red Ball, and the park that stands where it stood
The Mishawaka Woolen Manufacturing Company — Ball Band — put its red ball on the all-knit wool boot that Martin V. Beiger and Adolphus Eberhart brought out in 1886, and the mark's course is fixed in the company's own published history: actual use of the Red Ball began in 1891, and in 1901 the RED BALL device and the…
Mishawaka
- 1886–todaySeven chapels, a crypt, and the relics
The Lady Chapel, added in 1886–87 and told in the building entry, was known historically as the Chapel of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross, for Gregori's ceiling, and as the Sacred Heart Chapel; its baroque altar was believed — the tour prints it as a belief…
Notre Dame
- 1887The Pilsner years: brands, barrels at three dates, and a tied house in Michigan
St. Joseph County Village Fire Insurance Company , decided by the Michigan Supreme Court in 1912 on a directed verdict for the insurer below, is this section's one litigated window into the brewery as a going concern — the case that also carries the March 1887 incorporation in its recitals.
Mishawaka
- 1887Black Mishawaka: Medora Powell, and the record of a small community
On June 3, 1887, Medora Powell — eldest child of Elijah and Mary Ann Powell — graduated from Mishawaka High School, one of a class of ten, the school's first Black graduate and, the Mishawaka Enterprise reported, possibly the first Black student to graduate from any high school in northern Indiana.
Mishawaka
- 1887–1888The first team — Michigan teaches the game, 1887–1888
The first game: Notre Dame played its first football game on November 23, 1887, at home, and lost to Michigan 8–0 before a crowd the accounts put at 400 to 500.
Notre Dame
- 1887–1908Medora Powell and the class of 1887: the anchor
The whole telling stands in the culture file; this entry carries the anchor and what this section adds: Medora Powell, eldest child of Elijah and Mary Ann, graduated from Mishawaka High School on 3 June 1887, one of a class of ten, delivering a commencement address titled "Self Made Men" at Burt's Opera House…
Mishawaka
- 1887–1912The rough decades and the first coaches of record, 1887–1912
No coach of record: The program's first five seasons — 1887–89 and 1892–93 — were played with no head coach of record, and went 7–4–1 in the University Archives' coaching table.
Notre Dame
- 1887–1961Sister Madeleva Wolff: The President Who Rebuilt the Idea of the College
The birth-date conflict in her record is printed whole in the wave note: the weight of the record gives 24 May 1887 at Cumberland, Wisconsin; one widely syndicated profile prints 26 May 1884 in its own text while carrying 1887 elsewhere, and that variant is rejected as an internal error, not averaged.
Notre Dame
- 1887–1964Sister Madeleva: the president of Saint Mary's
Sister Mary Madeleva Wolff, C.S.C. (1887–1964): poet, medievalist, and for twenty-seven years the president of Saint Mary's College, across the road from Notre Dame in the community that shares South Bend's life.
South Bend
- 1887–1964Sister M. Madeleva — the poet who built a college
Mary Evaline Wolff was born in Cumberland, Wisconsin, in 1887, graduated from Saint Mary's College in 1909, and took her doctorate at Berkeley in 1925.
South Bend
- 1887–2026The stations: the roster, 1887 to the present eleven
Station 3 dates to 1887 on North Hill Street and went out of service in 1953.
South Bend
- 1887–todayBlack Mishawaka: the anchors and the counts
The record opens with two graduates and then, for decades, counts without streets: the named-family anchors are the schools and culture files'…
Mishawaka
- 1887–todayBlack Mishawaka: a family's church across the river, then a growth without an enclave
The Powells are the founding Black family of the record: Medora Powell, Mishawaka High School class of 1887, the first African-American graduate of any high school in northern Indiana on the Mishawaka Enterprise's account of 10 June 1887, and her brother Farrow Raymond Powell, class of 1908…
Mishawaka
- 1887–todayThe schools' and the library's women: Medora Powell, and the librarians from Olive Long to Donna Meeks
Medora Powell: in the Mishawaka High School class of 1887 — ten graduates — stood Medora Powell, and the Mishawaka Enterprise's commencement account of 10 June 1887 carries the distinction the record has kept for her: she was the first African-American graduate of any high school in northern Indiana.
Mishawaka
- 1887–todayThe apparatus VI — Michigan: the oldest rivalry
The shape: The series began with Notre Dame's first games, in 1887, and its grievances shaped the program: Michigan won the first eight meetings, and Notre Dame's first win, in 1909, set off the boycott that emptied Notre Dame's western schedules and pushed Harper's teams east — the 1913 Army game is one of its consequences.
Notre Dame
- 1887–todayNotre Dame football — cross-reference
The pointer: The football team of the University of Notre Dame — its eras from 1887, its claimed and consensus championships, its Heisman Trophies, its stadium and its rivalries — is told whole in its own record, the Notre Dame Football leg of this build, the first running of the Team Histories baseline.
South Bend
- 1888The Hungarian streets: Chapin, Thomas and Calvert
The Hungarians built their world one street west of downtown: Hungarian immigrants — many of them German-speaking — worshipped first at St. Patrick's and St. Mary's, shepherded from 1888 by St. Mary's pastor, Father Peter Johannes.
South Bend
- 1888–1893Sorin's Last Years and Death
The golden jubilee of Sorin's priesthood fell on Sunday, 27 May 1888, and was celebrated on 15 August 1888, the same day the church he had raised was consecrated as the Basilica of the Sacred Heart — the consecration and the church's whole course stand in the Basilica's own record.
Notre Dame
- 1888–1931Knute Rockne — the coach, cross-referenced
He was born in Voss, Norway, on March 4, 1888, and was brought to Chicago as a small child; Chicago raised him.
South Bend
- 1888–1992A basilica — Sorin's ask of 1888 and the pope's answer of 1992
In 1888, the Basilica's history page records, Sorin asked that the church be made a basilica. Nothing in the record reached shows the ask renewed in his lifetime — he died in 1893 — and the church served a full century as Sacred Heart Church before the answer came.
Notre Dame
- 1888–2025The Churches as Buildings — a Survey
The former First Presbyterian Church at 101 South Lafayette Boulevard, at Washington, was built in 1888 to designs of J. P. Bailey, with Christopher Fassnacht as builder, for a congregation organized in 1834 with Horatio Chapin's aid.
South Bend
- 1888–2026The later seats: Church of God meetings (1888), the Wesleyan church, the Pentecostal church, and Grace Reformed
The earliest is a single newspaper line of real texture: the St. Joseph County Independent's church column of 14 July 1888 carries "THE CHURCH OF GOD — Holds its meetings in the Pres. church every Sabbath (Saturday)" at Walkerton…
Walkerton
- 1888–todayThe Elkhart & Western: the freight door of the Ball Band works
The road was incorporated in 1888 and built west from Elkhart along the St. Joseph River about ten miles to Mishawaka — it never reached South Bend, whatever its projector's announced direction; its western end was the Ball Band works.
Mishawaka
- 1888–todayThe minor-league test — negative for Mishawaka, printed at true size
The register of the region's organized baseball runs from 1888 to the present and enumerates South Bend clubs only — Green Stockings, Greens, Bronchos, Benders, Factors, Twins, and the modern Midwest League franchise.
Mishawaka
- 1888–todayThe Basilica in use — mother church, visitors, and the present state
The Irish Rover 's 2025 account of Basilica weddings states the alumni custom in its documented form: since its consecration in 1888 the basilica has been the favorite place for Notre Dame alumni to marry.
Notre Dame
- 18891870 to 1889
Adolph Kamm — Dick and Kamm — Brewers (banked 1870) Clemens Dick — Dick and Kamm — Brewers (banked 1870) Jacob K Bechler — Jacob K Bechler — Saw Mill (banked 1889; directories: 1889) John L Dayhuff — John L Dayhuff — Wells and Pumps (banked 1889; directories: 1889) L K Robinson — L K Robinson — Cooper (banked 1889…
Mishawaka
- 1889The paper and pulp cluster
Four houses on the race: The Directory of Indiana Manufacturers and Buyers' Guide for 1889 lists four paper and pulp houses among Mishawaka's manufacturers: the A. Gaylor Pulp Manufacturing Company, the Indiana Paper Company, the Mishawaka Pulp Company, and M. W. Stokes's wood pulp mill.
Mishawaka
- 1889The rest of the 1889 roster — felting, furniture, organs, wagons
The full page: Beyond the houses that hold their own entries, the 1889 Directory of Indiana Manufacturers gives Mishawaka, population 3,200, on the Chicago & Grand Trunk and the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern railroads, this manufacturing roster: the Beatty Felting Company; the Keasey Pulley Company…
Mishawaka
- 1889The date inside the stair
The proof: The red-brick Queen Anne at 415 Lincolnway East is believed built in 1889, and the belief is proven from inside the fabric of the house itself.
Mishawaka
- 1889The muck farms and the mint
What is documented here, on this ground, is dated 1889: Jerry R. Woodward, raised on a Michigan peppermint farm, came to St. Joseph County, Indiana, that year and put three hundred acres into peppermint with his brothers, then bought a second three-hundred-acre farm "principally devoted to the raising of peppermint,"…
South Bend
- 1889The Pan-American delegation comes to dinner, 1889
The visit: The First International Conference of American States — the Pan-American Congress — sat in Washington from October 2, 1889, under Secretary of State James G. Blaine, and its delegates toured the United States between sessions.
South Bend
- 1889Tippecanoe Place burns · 9 October 1889
The fire was discovered by Mrs. Studebaker at about two o'clock in the morning of 9 October 1889.
South Bend
- 1889August Luckhaus: cabinet cards, and a trade that traveled
His South Bend imprint is on cabinet cards of the 1880s at 104 South Michigan Street; in 1889 he was at 101 South Michigan, over Coonley's Drug Store.
South Bend
- 1889The women's clubs: the Literary Club, the Progress Club, and their circle
The Literary Club of 1889: Howard gives the clubwomen's institutions their own full passage.
South Bend
- 1889–1896The Oliver Opera House rooms
There, on the fourth floor of the opera house, the South Bend Public Library opened to the public in 1889. Its first head librarian was Evelyn Humphreys, appointed in 1889 and serving until 1903, per the library's published history.
South Bend
- 1889–1899Electrification and the rebuilding: the companies in succession, 1889-1899
The 1889 consolidation: The horse-car company did not electrify Mishawaka under its own name. On 10 September 1889 the South Bend Railway Company and the South Bend and Mishawaka Street Railway Company were consolidated as the South Bend and Mishawaka Railway Company, capitalized at $250,000.
Mishawaka
- 1889–1906The Gift Parks: Coquillard, Studebaker and Kaley
Alexis Coquillard, who "inherited the enterprise and public spirit, as he did the name, of his distinguished uncle, the founder of the city," gave Howard Park its four lots in November 1889 and offered the city something far larger: "a fine tract of ground, of nearly one hundred acres, on the east side of the corporation," for a new park.
South Bend
- 1889–1917The gazetteer band of 1916–17, and Dr. William F. Miranda (at Walkerton from 20 April, 1889 or 1898)
His practice ran through New Carlisle, Westville, and Medway, Ohio — eight years at Medway — then Attica, Kansas, 1885–87, then Medway again, and then Walkerton, arriving on 20 April of a year his own sketch prints two ways: Howard gives 1898, against the sketch's own arithmetic of two years from 1887, which gives 1889.
Walkerton
- 1889–1970The club movement: the Literary Club, the Progress Club, and their circle
The Woman's Literary Club was organized in April 1889 by twenty-seven named women — Anna Thrush Fassett, Louise Taylor, Ellen Wade Colfax, Ada M. Studebaker, Harriet C. Studebaker, and Catherine E. Esmay among them.
South Bend
- 1889–1978The Dodge House: the house a church voted not to demolish
The date inside the stair: The red-brick Queen Anne at 415 Lincolnway East is believed built in 1889, and the belief is proven from inside the fabric.
Mishawaka
- 1889–1984Stan Coveleski: The Hall of Famer Who Chose This Ground
Stanislaus Anthony Kowalewski was born July 13, 1889, in Shamokin, Pennsylvania, the youngest of five boys, four of whom played professional baseball; his brother Harry won 81 major-league games.
South Bend
- 1889–1989The long narrowing as a removal ledger, assembled line by line
The lines, dated as the carriers date them: the mill cluster of 1889 — six firms at the directory point — thins through the Polk rosters that follow, Shidler's listing gone by 1884–85, the cluster's later course a fade rather than a closure date, no carrier printing a last mill; the artisan row of the gazetteer village…
Lakeville
- 1889–todayThe Directors: Seven Holders, Humphreys to Murphy
Evelyn Humphreys, first Head Librarian, 1889–1903. Virginia M. Tutt, second Head Librarian, 1903–1927; the Tutt Branch of 1928 was named for her.
North Liberty
- 1889–todayThe sporting lives: the pitcher who stayed, the teacher who became Wooden, and the born-here champions
Stan Coveleski (1889–1984): the Hall of Famer who chose South Bend for his second life.
South Bend
- 1889–todayThe directors
Evelyn Humphreys, the first head librarian, served 1889 to 1903. Virginia M. Tutt followed, 1903 to 1927; the Tutt Branch carries her name.
South Bend