St. Joseph County, Indiana · 20th century
1920s
252 dated events in 1920s, in order. Part of the full timeline.
20th century 252 dated mentions
1920s
- 1920West End State Bank to Valley American — the Wiekamp succession
The neighborhood bank: The West End State Bank was established on 5 June 1920 — the date the FDIC's institution-history record carries for the bank that became Valley American…
Mishawaka
- 1920The Kenworthy: an assembled luxury six, Mishawaka, 1920
On that entry the Kenworthy of record is the model 6-55 of 1920, and no other model year is listed for the marque.
Mishawaka
- 1920The Circus Grounds at Home: A Resident's Protest, 1920
The South Bend News-Times of 9 June 1920 carried a letter signed J. L. Rooks over the night of Monday, 7 June, at what he calls "the circus grounds" and "the circus field" in Mishawaka: the side shows and games of chance ran wide open, and the gambling features, he wrote, were an offense against decency and good morals.
Mishawaka
- 1920Suffrage: the state frame, and a local absence printed as such
The frame is the state's: Indiana women voted in part under the state's brief partial-suffrage grant of 1917 and its loss in the courts, and Indiana ratified the Nineteenth Amendment in a special session in January 1920.
North Liberty
- 1920George Gipp and his death, 1920
The last game and the death: George Gipp — February 18, 1895, to December 14, 1920 — played his final game on November 20, 1920, against Northwestern, and missed the season finale at Michigan Agricultural.
Notre Dame
- 1920The Steam Road Howard Named: the Michigan Central's South Bend Branch
The Michigan Central's List of Officers, Agents and Stations No. 110, issued 15 October 1920, prints the whole of its South Bend Branch, Niles to South Bend, in four stations: 0.0 Niles, Michigan; 4.8 Bertrand, Michigan, no agent, prepaid; 9.5 Notre Dame, Indiana, no agent, prepaid; 11.6 South Bend, Indiana.
Roseland
- 1920–1925The Rev. Buford Gordon · the community writes its own study
He took a chemistry degree at Fisk University, studied at Yale Divinity School, served in the First World War, finished his divinity degree at the University of Chicago, and came to South Bend in December 1920 to pastor Taylor A.M.E. Zion Church.
South Bend
- 1920–1925The Klan's Indiana · the letter of 1923 and the church guarded
The figure is carried here as the contemporaneous press of record reported it; its scale should be read against Gordon's counts — 1,269 Black residents in the census of 1920, perhaps 3,000 by the Tribune's 1922 estimate…
South Bend
- 1920–1929Consolidation at South Bend: the works in the 1920s
The cars come home: Studebaker's early automobiles had been built in Detroit, in the plants taken from E-M-F. The 1920 Light Six was, in the museum archivist's statement of the record, the first automobile built at South Bend — the works' own car production beginning sixty-eight years after the wagon shop.
South Bend
- 1920–1930"The fastest-growing city in Indiana" — the boast of the twenties
The city's own numbers are not in dispute: the population file's series, read from the census volumes themselves, runs 15,195 in 1920 to 28,630 in 1930, a gain of 13,435 people, or 88.4 percent.
Mishawaka
- 1920–1933Prohibition's places: no room named — the dry answer predates the law by a generation
No Prohibition room of this town is named in the record reached, and the pointer is the article: the 1920–33 record — the Gazette -era press and the court record at published strength reachable online…
New Carlisle
- 1920–1939The first branches: River Park, Washington, Tutt, Western
The spread: The library's own timeline names the River Park Branch, opened in 1920 at River Park School, as its first branch; the branch later moved into a building in the River Park area on a ten-year lease the library purchased, as its collection grew.
South Bend
- 1920–1952Cavemen football's first era — the newspaper champions and Frank Steele
The compilation of those newspaper champions (AlmanacSports) names Mishawaka state champion three times: 1920 (7-0-2), 1925 (8-0), and 1926 (8-0).
Mishawaka
- 1920–1952The Directories of Papers: Ayer, Rowell — and Miller, Named and Not Read
The Newspapers leg read Ayer for 1920 from the printed page and 1962 from its printed image (p. 338), through worldradiohistory.com — whose per-year addresses follow no pattern and whose HEAD requests return 403, both defects logged — and Ayer 1952 beside them…
Mishawaka
- 1920–1994The Golf Parks: Studebaker, Erskine and Elbel
Lead: Municipal golf came to South Bend as a park function, and the department's chronology opens the account: "1920 — Studebaker golf course opens as South Bend's first municipal golf course," a nine-hole course on the southeast side that the 2014 master plan still counted among the system's three.
South Bend
- 1920–2019The Enterprise's twentieth century: directories, a daily month, a borrowed masthead, the Enos era
In 1920 Ayer lists a Friday Republican weekly, six columns, $1.50 a year, circulation 1,150, E. A. Jernegan editor and publisher, in a town the directory counts at 14,579.
Mishawaka
- 1920–2022The library as civic actor
In 1920 it was already carrying deposit stations inside three factories and school-room libraries in nine outlying districts, and a children's library with its own reading room — the service that produced fixtures like Katherine Croxall, the "Story Lady" of the library's photographs, reading to rooms of children.
South Bend
- 1920–2024The Football Register: The Rest of the Born and Formed Line
Frank Bacon, wingback, played 1920–25 — 47 games, 410 rushing yards and nine touchdowns in the league's first years — and John Scanlon, tailback, 1921–26, stands beside him in the leather-helmet register.
South Bend
- 1920–todayThe Branch Roll: Nine Branches, and Where North Liberty Stands in the Building Line
North Liberty was the seventh branch seat the system opened, in a building programme that ran from 1920 to 2009 and put a branch in each taxed township's town.
North Liberty
- 1921The custom trades counted, not evoked — the 1921 Polk classified sections, what can and cannot be printed
The checklist's pattern is a dated directory count: milliners, dressmakers and tailors numbered from one year's classified sections, the way the floor instance prints 1921.
Granger
- 1921The first show and the first census: a county canvass, and a Granger count of zero
Run the 1921-pattern canvass against that record — the first post–World War I directory generation, the pattern year in which a sister city's build counts its first sellers on one hand…
Granger
- 1921The bank roster of 1921, whole — six houses, two of them new to the record
The classified heading it never worked, Banks and Bankers in Polk's Mishawaka City Directory of 1921, gives the year's whole roster at once, with addresses: the Farmers & Merchants State Bank, 114–116 Lincoln Way E.; the First National Bank, 101 Lincoln Way W.; the First Trust & Savings Bank, 101 Lincoln Way W.…
Mishawaka
- 1921The Boundary: The Region's Zoo Is South Bend's
Deer had been kept in Potawatomi Park since 1912; the zoo proper was founded on 21 May 1921, when the park board accepted Erskine's gift of deer and voted the first appropriation, and it has grown into what its own account calls Indiana's oldest zoo: 23 acres and more than 400 animals, accredited by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums.
Mishawaka
- 1921Charles L. Ostrander: a Mishawaka print in the Metropolitan Museum
The directory record gives the surname a Mishawaka course at two points: the 1902–03 canvass lists "C. C. Ostrander," photographer, and the 1921 canvass lists "Charles L. Ostrander" under Photographers.
Mishawaka
- 1921The hall geography of 1921: the directory's Mishawaka
The upstairs city: Fourteen years after Howard's roster, the 1921 Polk directory lets the club city be mapped address by address, and the map is a downtown of upstairs rooms.
Mishawaka
- 1921The Knights of Columbus as an order: Council 1878 and the charter the number dates
The club is in Private Clubs; the order is here: Mishawaka Council 1878 of the Knights of Columbus stands as a club — its clubhouse at 208–210 Lincoln Way West, its officers in 1921, its working present — in the Private Clubs section of this history, and that record is not re-dug here.
Mishawaka
- 1921The first census: two sellers in 1921
The whole field: Polk's 1921 directory gives Mishawaka a classified heading for automobiles, and under it stand exactly two names.
Mishawaka
- 1921The Ford point: a branch, the O'Neils, and a succession
The point's course, in one line: The Ford point in Mishawaka runs: the South Bend distributor's branch at 215–217 Lincoln Way West in 1921; the O'Neil family's own store at 315 Lincoln Way West by 1956; the Kapson family's Jordan Ford City at 609 East Jefferson Boulevard by 1963…
Mishawaka
- 1921Founded 1921: the library dates itself
The library's bylaws carry its own founding date in their mission statement: "The New Carlisle-Olive Township Public Library was founded in 1921."
New Carlisle
- 1921Before the public library: the collections, seated as institutions or printed absent
The class therefore closes at its true size: three forms absent at institution strength, one statutory question open — the public library of 1921 begins this ground's library record, and everything before it is a schoolroom, a lodge room or a family's shelf.
New Carlisle
- 1921The custom trades: names from the 1921 directory; the count itself a named gap
The row asks for the custom trades counted at a dated directory — milliners, dressmakers, and tailors at the 1921 pattern.
Osceola
- 1921The system at its peak — the banks of 1921 and the building-and-loans
Seventeen institutions: Polk's 1921 directory lists seventeen South Bend banks, trust companies and loan offices, and the list is the fullest single picture of the city's banking at its pre-Depression height.
South Bend
- 1921St. Matthew Cathedral Parish
In 1921 Bishop Herman Alerding gave the Rev. John DeGroote permission to buy 14 lots in the Oak Park addition, bounded by Dubail Street, Miami Street and Dayton Street.
South Bend
- 1921The Gold Star roll re-counted: a hundred and nine names
The conflict: the Wars section counts the St. Joseph County section of the state's 1921 Gold Star Honor Roll at ninety-four names; the War Heroes section counts the same section at a hundred and nine — a hundred and two full service records and seven more names on a closing list.
South Bend
- 1921Erskine's Deer: The Potawatomi Park Founding, 1921
Lead: The Potawatomi Zoo's founding, as the zoo itself tells it, rests on a document: the minutes of the South Bend Board of Park Commissioners, Book 1, 21 May 1921.
South Bend
- 1921"Soft Drinks," the largest trade in town
The Owners Roster section of this history, built from the directories themselves, counts the 1921 classifieds: "Soft Drinks" runs to 92 rows across its headings — ahead of Physicians (61), Meats (56) and Barbers (55).
South Bend
- 1921A zoo founded on one deer
In May 1921 the Board of Park Commissioners accepted the offer of Albert Russell Erskine, president of the Studebaker Corporation, of one deer as the foundation for a zoo at Potawatomi Park — the whole of the founding act, preserved in the park board's minutes.
South Bend
- 1921The long contraction, and what stands
The shelf thins; the pillars remain: Read the 1921 directory's secret-and-benevolent columns against the present city and the contraction is the story: the tents, hives, camps, courts and groves — the insurance alphabet that filled two directory pages…
South Bend
- 1921The lodge census of 1921: the system at its peak
Counting the second government: Polk's directory for 1921 is the lodge world's fullest single portrait, taken at the moment before the Klan, the Depression and the insurance regulators each took their share.
South Bend
- 1921The LaSalle Hotel and the LaSalle Annex
Lead: The LaSalle Hotel rose in 1921 at 237 North Michigan Street, on the Sheridan House's corner at Michigan and LaSalle — a nine-story house in a Renaissance Revival and Chicago School blend, by the architects Nicol, Schuler & Hoffman in the city's 2018 landmark staff report.
South Bend
- 1921Meat and sausage: the smokehouse scale of the Polish trade
The 1921 Polk directory's west-side listings set Woodka Bros, meats, amid the Polish grocery trade, and the pattern holds for a century: small market houses, their own smokehouses, a Polish sausage that carries the maker's name.
South Bend
- 1921–1922The Palace and the Morris: a new act every ten minutes
The Palace Theatre went up on North Michigan Street at a cost of one million dollars, built in 1921 and opened in 1922, its owners the Palace Theater Corporation, who raised the Palais Royale dance hall beside it as its companion.
South Bend
- 1921–1923Agnes Szabo and the Resale of Seized Liquor
Federal agents arrested her in 1921, and Szabo answered by naming names. The indictments that followed her account numbered more than sixty officials — and this page prints their geography exactly, because it is the point on which retelling most often inflates the case: the indicted men were Gary's and Lake County's.
South Bend
- 1921–1932The savings and trust names — carried at their carriers' strength
First: the First Trust & Savings Bank of Mishawaka, advertising in the South Bend News-Times of 7 October 1921 as "in the same building and under the same management as the First National Bank" — the national bank's companion trust company, the period's ordinary pairing.
Mishawaka
- 1921–1949The building-and-loan layer — the stratum the bank story never carried
The two states: In 1921 the heading Building and Loan Associations carries three houses: the Home Building & Loan Assn. of Mishawaka, at 126–128 Lincoln Way W.; the Mishawaka Building & Loan Assn., at 109 Lincoln Way E.…
Mishawaka
- 1921–1949The finance companies — the service layer the industrial pass could not see
The two states: In 1921 the Citizens Finance Co. stands at 210–211 Mishawaka Trust Bldg., listed under both Bonds and Loans — the two headings between them describing the small-loan business exactly.
Mishawaka
- 1921–1949Milk — the dairy trade and the delivery round
The two states: in 1921 the Mishawaka Farmers' Dairy Co., at 545 W. 3d, stands under Dairies and again under Milk Depots — the town's dairy company, a farmers' company by its name, bottling at W. 3d.
Mishawaka
- 1921–1949The foundries and machine shops of the second rank
The record: the 1921 classified's metal headings are thin and mostly spoken for — Founders and Machinists carries the Perkins Corporation, 409 N. under Machinery Depots.
Mishawaka
- 1921–1953The factories on film, I — Studebaker's own pictures
In June 1921 the Capitol Journal of Salem, Oregon — a newspaper of record on the far end of the film's distribution — announced the exhibition there of what it declared to be one of the most remarkable industrial films ever taken: the complete manufacture of the Studebaker Light Six, shown at the Commercial Club…
South Bend
- 1921–1956The clothiers' courses, 1921–1956: one snapshot dug, the succession a named gap
The succession the row asks for — who sold dress in each era from 1921 to 1956, and what replaced them — stands dug at its first snapshot only.
Osceola
- 1921–1963Austin R. Klein: forty-two years at the city's light plant
The Polk directory of 1921 lists the young city's appointed officers, and among them, between the chief of police and the secretary of the Board of Health, stands "City Electrician — A. R. Klein."
Mishawaka
- 1921–1963The city court: Feig, Raab, Cavanaugh, LaCava
The 1921 directory names Ralph S. Feig , city judge (the directory text reaches this build through an OCR transcription, and the surname is printed as it comes down, in the Government section's caution and here).
Mishawaka
- 1921–1979The firsts, tested: a mayor in 1963, and the bodies that do not name theirs
The baseline of 1921: the Polk directory of 1921 names Mishawaka's city government whole, and every name in it is a man's: seven councilmen, City Clerk Joseph DeLorenzi, Treasurer Willis L. Kimball, Controller Walter Michael, City Judge Ralph S. Feig.
Mishawaka
- 1921–1998South Bend's own: Eddie Talboom of Washington High School
Eddie Talboom was born May 5, 1921, at Delphos, Ohio, and moved to South Bend, where he played football at Washington High School for Bernie Witucki — the tailback of Witucki's single-wing teams, All–Northern Indiana Conference in the Eastern Division, and the South Bend Tribune's Most Valuable Player.
South Bend
- 1921–1999Charlene Pryer: The Fastest Blue Sox
Charlene Barbara Pryer — later Mayer — was born September 24, 1921, stood five feet one and weighed 105 pounds, and at her peak was the most disruptive offensive player in her league.
South Bend
- 1921–2002Eighty-one years on Michigan Street, and the building's second life
From its completion in 1921 until the move of 2002, the whole of this library's life happened in the one building at 124 East Michigan Street, on the town's main street in the middle of the historic business block: the Depression, the war years, the reciprocal-borrowing era, and the whole second half of the century…
New Carlisle
- 1921–2007The post's civic course: funerals, baseball, and the town's work
The standing duties: Across the century the post's documented course is the standard Legion course, carried at Mishawaka size: the military funerals that begin the record in 1921 and continue as the post's honor-guard duty…
Mishawaka
- 1921–2010Preservation as repair, one case whole: the Natatorium
Boundary — the pattern case, told whole because the checklist's repair pattern is this building; the building's other life, as the county's segregation battleground, is told in the Black History addendum (art-68-7) and the two tellings cross-point: the Engman Public Natatorium was built in 1921–22 by the South Bend…
Osceola
- 1921–2022The football pros — four Cavemen in the pro record, and Marian's one
George Gulyanics (1921–1990): Born and died in Mishawaka. An Indiana All-State fullback in 1938 — and the 1937 South Bend Golden Gloves welterweight champion of the boxing entry above.
Mishawaka
- 1921–2026The last chiefs in complete succession: Big C Lumber and Martin's Super Markets, founder to present
The banked fragment carries William Hass and George Bales (1921 purchase; 1926 reincorporation; Hass's c. 1935 buyout of Bales) and then jumps to Roger Foley in 1982.
Granger
- 1921–2026The police chiefs: Pfender, the undated chief, the long gap, Witkowski, Arendt
Valentine J. Pfender, 1921: The first chief the record names is the directory's: Valentine J. Pfender, chief in 1921, with the Jarretts under him and the Board of Public Safety over him.
Mishawaka
- 1921–2026The Gold Star recount: the First World War roll re-counted, the Second's method stated
The method: the 1921 Indiana Gold Star Honor Roll's St. Joseph County section was read for men born at New Carlisle, and the yield checked name by name against the second carrier — the cemetery, sketch and service record as the banked set holds it.
New Carlisle
- 1921–2026The directors: the line to its current holder, with its two spans named
Between the ends, two spans stand expressly unreached and are banked here again with their instruments: 1921–2004 (GAP-NC-LIB-2), the directorship from the Carnegie founding to the modern building, whose settler is the State Board of Accounts' schedules of officials read across the century…
New Carlisle
- 1921–2026The Lore Business — Books, Tours, Podcasts and Lists
It begins on the campus: the 1921 newspaper horn-blast, the tradition's century of dormitory keeping, the Scholastic 's cover story of April 1995 — "Tales of haunted halls, supernatural bells and secret tunnels shroud Notre Dame in mystery" — and the building historian Pilkinton's ghost chapter, the one scholarly treatment in the file.
South Bend
- 1921–2026The map today: a second palace, a moving museum
The other stands at 212 South Michigan Street: opened on 29 January 1921 as the Blackstone Theatre, billed "The Pride of South Bend," 2,500 seats, built for $500,000 to Henry L. Newhouse's neoclassical design…
South Bend
- 1921–todayBig C Lumber: a county firm that put its headquarters on this ground
The oldest firm seated in Granger was not founded here, and its own history prints the distinction plainly: Big C Lumber's published account begins in 1921, when William Hass, in partnership with George Bales, purchased a lumberyard in North Liberty, in the county's west…
Granger
- 1921–todayDistribution as a trade: the networks counted, and where they stop
Big C Lumber’s yard network is the largest: from the 1921 founding (Hass & Bales, North Liberty; the Westville yard first) and the roughly ten yards that followed quickly — Roseland, Indiana, and Three Oaks, Michigan, among the yards still held…
Granger
- 1921–todayTaxis and the for-hire trade: a survey
Its first court-documented appearance is the jitney fight told above: the unlicensed for-hire bus of the Sprout case was the cab trade's unregulated edge, and Ordinance No. 2135 of 1921 expressly excepted taxicabs from the jitney definition while subjecting everything else that carried passengers indiscriminately to…
South Bend
- 1922The benevolent-society era: parish societies at the county seat, township relief at home — and no benevolent society seated on this ground
The federation that succeeded the society era at county scale arrives in the next article's line — the diocese's Associated Catholic Charities of 1922 on the Catholic side, and the county's federated campaign, whose own early record is the following article's subject and conflict.
Granger
- 1922Catholic Charities of the Diocese: the western office, and the Mishawaka house it administered
In 1922 Bishop Herman Alerding established Associated Catholic Charities, with offices in the Standard Building in Fort Wayne.
Mishawaka
- 1922Catholic Charities of the Diocese of Fort Wayne–South Bend
The agency's own published history gives the founding: in 1922 Bishop Herman J. Alerding, seeing the need to organize the Church's charitable work across a diocese that then covered the northern half of Indiana, established Associated Catholic Charities, which became Catholic Charities of the Diocese of Fort Wayne–South Bend.
South Bend
- 1922Boxing — the Palais and the women pioneers
The room: The Palais Royale ballroom, opened in 1922 across from the Palace Theatre, was converted after the Second World War into a boxing arena — the city's principal fight room of the postwar years, in a building that also held a bowling alley and roller hockey at different times in its long life.
South Bend
- 1922The station builders: a university's channel, a newspaper's channels, and the men who ran them
The first was the newspaper: the South Bend Tribune's company put WSBT radio on the air in 1922 and WSBT-TV in 1952, the market's first television station — the company that became Schurz Communications.
South Bend
- 1922–1925The Klan era: the guarded church, the county chapter, and a township test that returns nothing
The Tribune's front page of 17 December 1922 already read "Threat of Ku Klux Grows." The era's dated, named episode on the record is a church.
Granger
- 1922–1925The Klan era on this ground: the threat, the guarded church, and the letter that was not reached
The Tribune's front page of 17 December 1922 carried the warning as a headline: "Threat of Ku Klux Grows."
Osceola
- 1922–1936The brakes: Perrot's French patents, Adiel Dodge's duo-servo, and the NoRoL hill holder
In 1922 Bendix's father was killed in a Chicago street accident blamed on inadequate brakes; in France in 1924 Bendix met Henri Perrot, the French engineer whose patents covered the internal-expanding drum brake of modern pattern, and acquired the American rights — the accounts date the license to 1923–24.
South Bend
- 1922–1939Dodge, an unnamed election, and Mason Petro
William W. Dodge, from January 1922: The recount's winner took office in January 1922, and the News-Times of 10 May 1922 names him in the office — "Mayor William W. Dodge" of Mishawaka.
Mishawaka
- 1922–1950Exclusion measured in years: the Natatorium's fourteen and fourteen, the Kale test case, and the clubs on this ground
The Engman Public Natatorium, 1040 W. Washington Street, South Bend, opened in 1922 as the largest indoor pool in Indiana, and the exclusion can be timed both ways, as the row directs.
Granger
- 1922–1950Exclusion measured in years: the pool timed both ways, and the Kale test case
Boundary — the Natatorium, timed both ways as the row directs (the building's preservation record is told in the Heritage addendum, art-66-8; this is its other life): the Engman Public Natatorium opened in 1922 as the city's public pool and barred Black residents entirely from 1922 to 1936 — fourteen years locked out.
Osceola
- 1922–1961The dance-orchestra era, band by band — at the county's rooms
Downtown, the Palais Royale ballroom — opened 1922 beside the Palace Theatre — hosted in its big-band years, 1935 to 1946 by the National Register nomination's dating: Tommy Dorsey, Jimmy Dorsey, Duke Ellington, and Woody Herman…
Granger
- 1922–1961Under United States Rubber: the subsidiary years
The sale: In 1922 the Mishawaka company became a subsidiary of the United States Rubber Company — the abstract of the company's own records at the IU South Bend Archives states the year, and the carriers agree.
Mishawaka
- 1922–1968Redlining in writing: the HOLC sheets quoted, Colpaert named, sixty-eight plats counted — and the plat books named as the settler for this ground
The Commission's housing subcommittee located 68 plats for housing developments in St. Joseph County, created 1922–1953, containing racially restrictive covenants…
Granger
- 1922–1968Redlining in writing · covenants, the HOLC survey, and A. C. Colpaert
The exclusion was not a custom; it was paperwork, approved by the city: The Reparatory Justice Commission's housing subcommittee searched the county's plats and counted sixty-eight housing developments created between 1922 and 1953 carrying racially restrictive covenants…
South Bend
- 1922–1998Irene Vernon: Louise Tate, and the three ways she left
The tie, exactly: Irene Vernon was born Irene Vergauwen — a Flemish name, and a fitting one in the city the Religion section's Belgian parishes built — on January 16, 1922, in Mishawaka.
Mishawaka
- 1922–1998Steve Nemeth: Riley's All-State Quarterback
Steve Joseph Nemeth was born December 10, 1922, in South Bend — "a true son of Notre Dame," in the Canadian league record's phrase, born in the city itself — and at Riley High School he was named the All-State quarterback in both 1940 and 1941.
South Bend
- 1922–2000The palace a woman bought for a dollar: the Morris, 1922
The Palace: On 2 November 1922 the Palace Theatre opened on Colfax Avenue, built by the Palace Theatre Corporation of Chicago for a million dollars on a lot that cost a hundred thousand, designed by J. S. Aroner for the Orpheum vaudeville circuit.
South Bend
- 1922–2009The community's own scholarship: the Rev. Buford F. Gordon's study of itself
Boundary — the study the community wrote of itself, cited as a source because this build cites it as one: the Reverend Buford F. Gordon, pastor of Taylor A.M.E. Zion Church from December 1920, published The Negro in South Bend: A Social Study himself in 1922…
Osceola
- 1922–2010The pool that became a conscience: the Civil Rights Heritage Center
The natatorium: In 1922, the year the Palace Theatre opened, South Bend opened the Engman Public Natatorium, its first public swimming pool, with the word "public" carved into its facade.
South Bend
- 1922–2016Broadcast at its streets: WBAQ, WGAZ, and the WSBT moves
WBAQ, licensed to Myron L. Harmon and housed in the YMCA building in South Bend, was first licensed 29 April 1922 and deleted 7 November 1922: the city's first commercial radio station.
Lakeville
- 1922–2016WSBT radio: the Tribune's station, from WGAZ to 960
The city's first commercial license went to WBAQ, licensed to Myron L. Harmon and located at the YMCA building — first licensed 29 April 1922 and deleted from the federal list on 7 November 1922.
South Bend
- 1922–2023The community's own scholarship: Buford Gordon's 1922 study and the shelf it founded
He came to South Bend in December 1920 as pastor of Taylor A.M.E. Zion Church (now First A.M.E. Zion), at Eddy and Campeau Streets just south of Notre Dame, and in 1922 he self-published The Negro in South Bend: A Social Study…
Granger
- 1922–2026Broadcast at the boundary: heard here, seated elsewhere
The market's stations are the cities' whole — the Tribune company's WGAZ of 1922, now WSBT radio; WSBT-TV (1952) and WNDU and the Weigel stations in South Bend; WNIT, the public station (on air February 1974) — and their histories are dug in South Bend's and Mishawaka's builds, not here.
Granger
- 1922–2026Joseph County, the county's worked example, and the Granger layer named as GAP-C90-1
The HOA layer is banked (Neighborhoods: modern covenants, the Fox Chase porch, the Quail Ridge fence suit of 2004); this article digs below it, into the deed record…
Granger
- 1922–2026Redlining in writing: the HOLC survey, the covenanted plats, and this ground's own test
The county's covenants, counted: the Reparatory Justice Commission's housing subcommittee counted 68 St. Joseph County plats filed between 1922 and 1953 carrying racially restrictive covenants — the busiest filing year was 1947, and twelve covenant plats were approved even after Shelley v.
Osceola
- 1922–todayCivic firsts and organizations: the record reached
The community's own scholarship, which for South Bend is the Rev. Buford F. Gordon's 1922 social study of that city, is for Mishawaka the Powell family history kept by John Charles Bryant — the founding entry's griot — a family record rather than an institutional one, which is again the shape of this section.
Mishawaka
- 1922–todayThe Morris — opened as the Palace, premiered the Rockne film, saved for a dollar
The place: The theatre at Michigan and Colfax opened in 1922 as the Palace, an Orpheum-chain house built for a million dollars on a hundred-thousand-dollar lot to J. S. Aroner's designs, beside the Palais Royale ballroom of the same campaign — the pair's architecture is the Architecture history's.
South Bend
- 1922–todayThe Palace Theatre and the Palais Royale (1922)
The Palace opened on 2 November 1922 as a house of the Orpheum vaudeville chain. The two buildings have been under separate ownership since 1935, and the Palais Royale's ballroom spent the Second World War as a Service Men's Center, funded by a United War Chest grant.
South Bend
- 1923The marsh that was ditched away
The distinction this section keeps exact: Union Township held marsh of its own and sits inside the Kankakee basin , but no source found places it within the Grand Kankakee Marsh proper…
Lakeville
- 1923The Lions: a century of the town's service club, and its gifts
The club's own account: in 1923 four men — William W. French, D. D. Gross, A. M. Jennings, and Edgar Duker — decided to start the club, and with nine others held their first meeting on 23 June 1923…
Mishawaka
- 1923The Lions Club of Mishawaka: chartered 1923
Four men — William W. French, D. D. Gross, A. M. Jennings and Edgar Duker — with nine others held the club's first meeting on 23 June 1923.
Mishawaka
- 1923The Klan years: the letter, and the fight
The first wound was the quieter one: the letter of 1923, signed "KKK," threatening a Black prisoner in the city jail and the Black community behind him, after which — by the account carried in the city's histories — more than a thousand Black residents fled South Bend within days.
South Bend
- 1923The city's own centennial, 1923 — and the birthdays the record does not show
The founding's hundredth year: South Bend dated its founding to Alexis Coquillard's fur-trading post of 1823, and in 1923 the Chamber of Commerce promoted the centennial of that founding.
South Bend
- 1923A Township Speakeasy
In 1923 the house changed hands again, passing to the Talley/Chirhart ownership; the new owner, in the account Dorothy Corson assembled from the Historic Preservation Commission's record and the St. Joseph County Public Library's newspaper biography file, served homemade wine and Hungarian food to Notre Dame students…
South Bend
- 1923Morris Park Country Club
The club's own telling runs: golf began on the old Coquillard farm as the Coquillard Golf Club, ground broken in the fall of 1923, first play in June 1926 over a course by Bob Dustin, a first clubhouse the same year.
South Bend
- 1923The Ku Klux Klan as an organization in South Bend, 1923–1926
The scholarly study of the local organization — Jill Suzanne Nevel's "Fiery Crosses and Tempers: The Ku Klux Klan in South Bend, Indiana, 1923–1926," catalogued by the Indiana State Library — dates the South Bend Klan's life to those years, 1923 to 1926.
South Bend
- 1923–1934The motor bus appears: 1923–1934
The company's own buses: The motor bus came to South Bend's transit record in 1923, and it came from inside the railway company.
South Bend
- 1923–1971The Black press: the Forum, the Journal, the Herald-Times, and The Reformer
The South Bend Forum , a weekly, dates from 1923. The South Bend Journal , also a weekly, dates from 1928 and was edited by William D. LaMarr.
South Bend
- 1923–2001The Candoli brothers: two trumpets out of one house
The tie, exactly: Pete Candoli — Walter Joseph Candoli — was born June 28, 1923, in Mishawaka, and his brother Conte — Secondo "Conte" Candoli — was born in Mishawaka on July 12, 1927; one jazz journal's obituary printed July 27 for Conte's birth, and the conflict is noted at that weight.
Mishawaka
- 1923–2013Ed "Bulbs" Ehlers: The Celtics' First Draft Pick, Raised Here
Edwin Sheffield Ehlers — "Bulbs" — was born March 10, 1923, in Joliet, Illinois, and raised in South Bend, where he attended South Bend Central and played basketball for John Wooden: the coach's own pupil, from the coach's own South Bend years.
South Bend
- 1923–2020Warren E. Henke: buried here, decorated, his home unproven
What the federal record states: The Department of Veterans Affairs' Veterans Legacy Memorial carries a page for Warren E. Henke, an Army veteran of the Second World War, born 13 December 1923 and died 19 July 2020.
Mishawaka
- 1923–2021Don M. Newman: the pharmacist of Osceola ground who sat under the Secretary — DF-1 resolved
The man, whole: Don Molvin Newman was born 31 July 1923 in Chicago, Illinois, the son of a pharmacist, and raised in the South Bend area.
Osceola
- 1923–2025The private bus era whole, then the public corporation, with riders and fares as the record states them
The bus was a streetcar company's child first: CERA Bulletin 132's contents give the era its chapter heads — "1923 — The Motor Bus Appears," "More Buses & Receivership."
Granger
- 1923–2026The defining players, the supporting cast, and the rosters the record prints
Behind them, the yearbook captains: Kenny Gerard (1923), Roy Horstmann (1928, in the 1929 Miskodeed ), the fullback Ronzone (1929 captain in the 1930 volume), and Bortone and Asher, co-captains of 1962.
Mishawaka
- 1923–todayThe Veterans of Foreign Wars: the Linden Avenue post
In January 1923, the University of Notre Dame Archives record, a special committee of Notre Dame's own VFW post approved Vincent Fagan's design for the university's World War I memorial — the "God, Country, Notre Dame" door of the Basilica, carried in full below.
South Bend
- 1923–todayRobertson's — the Department Store Building (1923)
George A. Robertson, whose store had opened on Michigan Street in 1904, bought the property in 1922 and in 1923 built the store building that stands today.
South Bend
- 1924The unrest set, tested whole: the county's nights are South Bend's; this ground has none in the record
The Klan clash, May 1924: The Ku Klux Klan's Indiana strength met its most famous street resistance in South Bend, where on 17–19 May 1924 Notre Dame students clashed with Klansmen in the city…
Granger
- 1924St. Pius X: the pastors, Holy Cross and diocesan
The succession runs in two orders: for the parish's first two-thirds of a century its priests were Holy Cross men — the chaplains of St. Joseph's Farm, whose list the parish's own record begins in 1924, twelve years before the farm community counted itself a parish in embryo, and then the pastors of the Fir Road…
Granger
- 1924The unrest day, tested: the county's unrest is South Bend's; no Granger share stands
1924 — the Klan clash: The Ku Klux Klan's Indiana strength made South Bend its target in May 1924: a Klan picnic and parade planned for May 17, and three days of confrontation, May 17–19, in which some 500 Notre Dame students stormed downtown, stripped hoods and robes from Klansmen, drove them to their headquarters at…
Granger
- 1924Martha's Midway Tavern, 810 West Fourth Street: a century in one family's hands
The purchase and the lunch counter: In 1924 Martha and Cyriel Antheunes, Belgian immigrants, bought the frame building at 810 West Fourth Street — the address where the 1921 directory had listed Alphonse Audenaert's soft-drink stand — and opened it as a lunch counter under the name Midway Lunch .
Mishawaka
- 1924The Four Horsemen, 1924
The lede: On October 18, 1924, at the Polo Grounds, Notre Dame beat Army 13–7 before 55,000. Grantland Rice's report for the New York Herald Tribune opened: "Outlined against a blue-gray October sky the Four Horsemen rode again.
Notre Dame
- 1924Clashmore Mike: the animals of Notre Dame's sideline
The first was Tipperary Terrence — Terry — presented in 1924 and named by student contest; in May 1924, following two students walking on Niles Road, Terry was hit by a car, and he died a few days later.
Notre Dame
- 1924The Klan clash, May 1924
The setup: In May 1924 the Ku Klux Klan — then at the height of its Indiana power, its movement told in Black History — announced a three-day rally in South Bend beginning Saturday, May 17, with a picnic and a parade, in what the university's own account calls the most Catholic area in the state, blocks from the…
South Bend
- 1924May 1924 · the Klan comes downtown, and the students come down to meet it
In May 1924 the Klan announced itself in the city in force, with its headquarters at 230 South Michigan Street, and students from the University of Notre Dame marched downtown and fought the Klansmen in the street.
South Bend
- 1924The unrest · May 1924, the Klan and the students
This section's share of 1924 is the cross-reference, stated at its documented size: In May 1924, with the Ku Klux Klan at the height of its Indiana power, a Klan gathering in South Bend met the resistance of Notre Dame's students, and the confrontation in the city's streets became the best-known street episode of the Klan years here.
South Bend
- 1924The Izaak Walton League: the St. Joseph County chapter
A conservation club with ground: The sportsmen's club of the record is the Izaak Walton League's St. Joseph County chapter, chartered in January 1924.
South Bend
- 1924The Scottish Rite Valley of South Bend and its cathedral
The valley in the stone building on Main Street: The Scottish Rite — the system of degrees from the fourth to the thirty-second, organized in valleys under the Northern Masonic Jurisdiction — keeps its South Bend seat in the building every South Bender knows: the Scottish Rite Cathedral at 427 North Main Street, built in 1924.
South Bend
- 1924–1933Martha's Midway Tavern and the Antheunes
Martha and Cyriel Antheunes bought the Midway in 1924 and ran it as "Midway Lunch" — chicken dinners, soda, cigars, near-beer — while, by the house's own history, bootlegging beer and whiskey out of the garage.
Mishawaka
- 1924–1945The founder who lost his company: Vincent Bendix, printed as a loss
Vincent Bendix founded his corporation in South Bend in 1924, on the strength of the Bendix drive starter patent (filed 2 May 1914) and the Perrot brake patents he acquired that year; General Motors bought a 24 percent interest the same year, to watch aviation developments, not to run the firm.
Osceola
- 1924–1963Company and labor papers: The Studebaker Co-operator and the union's own house
Its contents, as the head of the department described them to the Society of Automotive Engineers in November 1924, were the plant's own life: snapshots of workmen's babies, the baseball and bowling scores of the plant teams, personal items.
South Bend
- 1924–1986Notre Dame's memorials: the door and the fountain
The World War I Memorial Door, 1924: The cry for a memorial to Notre Dame's part in the Great War began, the University Archives record, shortly after the armistice of 1919.
Notre Dame
- 1924–1986Memorials by war and by institution
The door: the University of Notre Dame's World War I Memorial Door — the east entrance of the Basilica of the Sacred Heart, carved “God, Country, Notre Dame” — was dedicated on Memorial Day, 30 May 1924, honouring Notre Dame men who died in or as a result of the Great War…
Osceola
- 1924–1998US 20 and US 33 on the city streets
In October 1924 the State Highway Commission relocated it: the South Bend Tribune of 3 October 1924 reported the state road moved onto "Division street extended" — the street now called Western Avenue…
South Bend
- 1924–2003Passenger service, lost line by line
The Pumpkin Vine suspended operations between SSS Junction and Galien in 1924, and its St. Joseph end closed in the mid-1950s.
South Bend
- 1924–2006Robert Leader: the painting professor
Robert A. Leader (1924–2006): the painter who carried Notre Dame's art teaching through the postwar decades.
Notre Dame
- 1924–2007Josip Turkalj: the student who raised the Moses
Josip Turkalj (1924–2007): the Croatian sculptor — in America he spelled the name Joseph Turkaly — whom Meštrović brought to South Bend to succeed him.
Notre Dame
- 1924–2019The memorials by war and by institution
The World War I Memorial Door, in the east transept of the Basilica of the Sacred Heart, was dedicated on Memorial Day, May 30, 1924, by the university's president, the Rev. Matthew Walsh…
Granger
- 1924–todayThe middle years: Main Junior High, Battell Junior High, and John Young
Main Junior High: When the high school moved east in 1924, its 1911 building on Lincolnway West became Main Junior High School, holding grades seven and eight for roughly fifty years.
Mishawaka
- 1924–todayThe Venues: Every Ground, With Its Teams
The Cave (Mishawaka Cavemen, basketball): The gymnasium of the present Mishawaka High School, the building that opened in 1924 on Lincolnway East — the Cavemen have played in The Cave since 1924, and the Tribune's accounting calls it Indiana's oldest active high school gymnasium.
Mishawaka
- 1924–todayThe apparatus I — the championships, counted honestly
The seasons, with their coaches: 1924, 1929 and 1930 under Rockne; 1943, 1946, 1947 and 1949 under Leahy; 1966 and 1973 under Parseghian; 1977 under Devine; 1988 under Holtz.
Notre Dame
- 1924–todayThe conservation clubs: the county's Izaak Walton chapter at full size, the rest at pointer
The chapter at full size, as the checklist orders — and its seat is the county seat: the St. Joseph County Chapter of the Izaak Walton League of America, founded in January 1924, two years after the national league's 1922 founding, is one of the league's oldest chapters on its own account.
Osceola
- 1924–todayRiley High School
Founded: The school at 1902 Fellows Street, on the city's southeast side, was built as Southeast Junior High School: completed in October 1924, dedicated in March 1925, designed by Ennis R. Austin and Norman Roy Shambleau, and built for about $600,000…
South Bend
- 1925The unnamed houses, counted as a counted gap
The census year is 1925, the Tivoli's opening year, and the nomination that documents the Tivoli also counts the rooms it does not name.
Granger
- 1925The Tivoli: the theater the city bought, protected, and demolished
The palace: The Tivoli opened on 21 May 1925 at 208 North Main Street, built in 1924–25 to the design of Chicago architect E. P. Rupert — a Spanish Colonial Revival picture palace and vaudeville house, the largest theater Mishawaka ever had.
Mishawaka
- 1925The Death Crossing: four tracks at grade, and the cure
The completion is dated two ways in the record and both print: the survey account drawn from the Association's map gives the realignment as completed in 1925, while the same survey tradition's narrative and the Michigan Road survey give the straight road as running until 1926.
New Carlisle
- 1925Sunnymede and East Wayne Street
The city's premier streetcar-and-automobile suburb was a real-estate firm's showpiece: Whitcomb and Keller platted the Sunnymede Addition in 1925 — the first of six Sunnymede additions the firm would file…
South Bend
- 1925Erskine Park and the south-side suburbs
The Erskine gift made the south side's anchor: Erskine Park Golf Course, at 4200 Miami Street, opened on 27 June 1925 — the History Museum's photograph caption and the Venues Parks & Arts record agree on 1925…
South Bend
- 1925A fair inside a pleasure ground: the Interstate Fair at Springbrook
The fair's own history carries the next entry in one line: the first Interstate Fair was established at Springbrook Park, and continued until 1925.
South Bend
- 1925–1933Insull: the line remade
Samuel Insull bought a bankrupt interurban and rebuilt it into the finest electric railroad in America, and South Bend got its share of the rebuilding: The old company went into receivership on 28 February 1925.
South Bend
- 1925–1940The mechanization curve, part one: the rise, 1925–1940
Tractors rose from 287 to 1,063 — a 3.7-fold increase in fifteen years — while the farm count itself barely moved (2,392 farms in 1925; the county's mid-century farm counts stand in Farms & Crops, at pointer here).
Mishawaka
- 1925–1949The boot men: Ferrettie, Van Dinter, and the form-fitting boot
Gino Vannoni of Mishawaka, No. 1,546,955, "Heel-forming mold," of 21 July 1925, at residence strength — a mold-maker's patent, the tooling side of the heel trade.
Mishawaka
- 1925–1950The arrival count: tractors on farms, St. Joseph County, 1925–1950
In 1925, the Census of Agriculture's Indiana county tables (County Table II, Farm Values, Mortgage Debt, and Miscellaneous Items, row 52, "Tractors on farms") give St. Joseph County 287 tractors , against a state total of 23,567; the same spread (row 55) gives the county 2,392 farms…
Mishawaka
- 1925–1950George W. Blair: the works' most prolific patentee
The lists and the verified records give him, alone or with partners, forty-nine grants between 1925 and 1954 — footwear designs, the slide-fastener campaign, the floor-covering patents and their court fight, the seat-cushion line, and the sponge-rubber grants that close the subsidiary's own practice…
Mishawaka
- 1925–1956The Neighborhood Houses — Indiana, Armo, Linden/Cozy, Lyric, White Eagle
The Indiana Theatre , 826 West Indiana Avenue in Rum Village, opened on August 31, 1925, with A Chapter in Her Life ; it was operated by Affiliated Theatres at its closing in 1956, the longest run of the five, and its building survives in industrial use.
South Bend
- 1925–1963Hering House · the House of Hope on Western Avenue
Hering House was dedicated on 8 March 1925 , Gordon himself giving the benediction, and was modeled openly on Jane Addams's Hull House: part church, part school, part employment office and part concert hall.
South Bend
- 1925–2000The Ancilla years: the hospital inside the sisters' system
In 1925 the Poor Handmaids filed new articles of incorporation in Indiana as Ancilla Domini Sisters, Inc. — Ancilla Domini, the handmaid of the Lord, being the congregation's own Latin name for itself…
Mishawaka
- 1925–2007The mural record: palace walls, a fire station, a children's museum
The Tivoli's murals (1925): Mishawaka's grandest mural commission was painted for a movie palace.
Mishawaka
- 1925–2012Ernie Zalejski: Washington High, Three National Titles
Ernest Raymond Zalejski was born November 23, 1925, in South Bend, and at Washington High School he earned all-state honors three straight years, 1942 to 1944.
South Bend
- 1925–2016Harold Zisla: the designer who built the city's art teaching
Harold Zisla (1925–2016): Cleveland-born on June 28, 1925, he served in the Navy from 1943 to 1946, took a diploma in painting from the Cleveland Institute of Art in 1950 and bachelor's and master's degrees from Case Western Reserve, and in 1952 came to South Bend with his wife Doreen for a designer's job at…
South Bend
- 1925–2023Jean Faut: The League's Greatest Pitcher, Eight Years a Blue Sox
Jean Faut was born January 17, 1925, in East Greenville, Pennsylvania, and every one of her eight professional seasons was played in a South Bend uniform, 1946 to 1953 — the tie is played here, and it is total.
South Bend
- 1926U.S. 31: Designated October 1, 1926
On 1 October 1926 the road through Roseland became a United States highway. The designation was applied in Indiana along the existing State Road 1: "On October 1, 1926, US 31 was designated along what was SR 1 at the time."
Roseland
- 1926The Erskine: a Studebaker make, assembled at Detroit
The make: The Erskine was produced by the Studebaker Corporation of South Bend from 1926 to 1930, named for the corporation's president, Albert Russel Erskine, and marketed as "The Little Aristocrat."
South Bend
- 1926The Greeks of Jefferson Boulevard
Forty-five families founded the Greek parish: the first Greek Orthodox Divine Liturgy in the area was celebrated on 15 January 1926, Bishop Philaretos of Chicago officiating, and St. Andrew Greek Orthodox Church — founded by forty-five Greek immigrant families…
South Bend
- 1926–1928The County's Two Executions: John Grzyb
The Department of Correction's row is the whole of the official skeleton: born October 26, 1905; offense dated March 29, 1926; sentenced October 24, 1926; crime, murder in the first degree and robbery; four stays; electrocuted April 10, 1928…
South Bend
- 1926–1930Assembly packet — the Erskine export figure, kept unresolved
First, the company history's account, as the Studebaker section carries it (its source there is the standard encyclopedia history of Studebaker): "The Erskine Six, a new small car named for him, was launched in Paris in 1926 and sold 26,000 abroad in its first season with many more in America."
South Bend
- 1926–1945The township years: North Liberty and Lakeville
When the fair marked its anniversary in 2001, its committee found the old written histories, kept in old fair programs, putting the first fair in 1927, which would have made 2001 the seventy-fifth; the head of the anniversary committee, Diana Kuhn, said the fair had actually begun in 1926.
South Bend
- 1926–1998US 20 and McKinley Avenue: the second east–west line
The numbered system gave Mishawaka two east–west highways, and kept them on different streets: US 20 was signed in Indiana from 1926.
Mishawaka
- 1926–2006Jordan H. Kapson: The Dealer Fortune, Priced by Its Gift
His age is printed two ways and both stand: the Dealerships file carries his dates as 1926–2006 on its sources, while the memorial calls him 82, which would put his birth in 1923 or 1924.
Mishawaka
- 1926–2014U.S. 31 through town, 1926–2014: eighty-eight years on Michigan Street
US 31 was first designated in October 1926 — the route records give its existence from 1 October 1926 — and through Lakeville it was the Michigan Road alignment, two lanes on Michigan Street.
Lakeville
- 1926–2014US 31: the Michigan Road under a number
On 1 October 1926 the Great Renumbering made the old road a United States highway: The road south from South Bend had been State Road 1 — carrying, for a season, three designations at once: a 1925 auto-trails map shows the Rochester–South Bend stretch signed as State Road 1, the Dixie Highway (trail 25) and the…
South Bend
- 1926–2014James Helms Kasler: three Air Force Crosses
The tie, stated exactly: James Helms Kasler was born in South Bend on 2 May 1926. He finished high school at Shortridge in Indianapolis, and his hometown of record was Zanesville, Indiana.
South Bend
- 1926–2018Herb Remington: the other steel man
The tie, exactly: Herbert Leroy Remington was born in Mishawaka in 1926 — the date stands in conflict and is printed in conflict: June 9, per his Wikipedia biography and the NAMM oral-history record; July 9, per Indiana Music Makers and SecondHandSongs.
Mishawaka
- 1926–2026What survived: a name on the stadium, a stick in the lobby, and no film
The field of 1926 carries the coach of 1924–1932 in its name — Frank M. Steele Stadium, renamed by the school board in 1980 — and its centennial was marked in 2026 with a three-part Tribune series by the stadium's historian, De Kever; the whole course stands in the Sports leg's stadium article.
Mishawaka
- 1926–2026Bendix Woods: the proving ground's gift, and the largest living sign
The county's park system begins three miles south of town, in a forest planted to spell a name: in 1926 the Studebaker Corporation developed its 800-acre proving ground on this ground, clubhouse and all — the industrial course is the Businesses leg's…
New Carlisle
- 1926–todayThe Greek thread: families and restaurants, a parish across the river
The valley's Greek parish is South Bend's, and Mishawaka's Greeks are a families-and-businesses record: St. Andrew Greek Orthodox Church was founded by forty-five Greek immigrant families who had settled in South Bend, its first Divine Liturgy held 12 September 1926 at 418 West Jefferson Boulevard…
Mishawaka
- 1926–todaySteele Stadium — a field from 1926, a stadium from the Depression, a centennial in 2026
The ground: The field at Linden and Gernhart, behind the high school, first opened for football on 18 September 1926, by the school's own athletics history.
Mishawaka
- 1926–todayThe apparatus V — Southern California: the intersectional classic
The beginning: The first meeting was played on December 4, 1926, at the Los Angeles Coliseum: Notre Dame 13, Southern California 12.
Notre Dame
- 1926–todayThe Proving Ground: from the tree sign to Navistar
Studebaker's ground: The proving ground Studebaker opened in 1926 — the first controlled outdoor proving ground of an American automobile manufacturer — lay on some 840 acres of rolling farmland near New Carlisle, about twelve miles west of South Bend, centered on a three-mile paved oval.
South Bend
- 1926–todayThe civic builders: the bank, the foundation, the tire store, and the 29-year-old mayor
Peter Veldman (1926–2014): the immigrant who out-sold the tire business. Born on 4 April 1926 at Didam, in the Netherlands, Veldman immigrated to the United States in 1949 and served in the U.S. Army in the Korean War (1950–52), where he received his automotive training.
South Bend
- 1926–todayThe Studebaker Proving Ground and its tree sign — the name written for airplanes
The place: Twelve miles west of the city, in Olive Township, stands the ground Studebaker opened in 1926 as the first controlled outdoor proving ground built by an American automobile manufacturer…
South Bend
- 1927The Week the Bank Closed — a Wire Item from Lakeville, 21 January 1927
The Daily Banner of Greencastle, Friday, 21 January 1927 (Hoosier State Chronicles, OID TDB19270121-01), carries a United Press item datelined "LAKEVILLE, Ind., Jan. 21" under the headline "SECOND INDIANA BANK TO CEASE BUSINESS WITHIN WEEK."
Lakeville
- 1927Airmail and the war years: the route that passed, the years that are blank
Airmail: The transcontinental contract airway crossed this valley early — CAM-17, National Air Transport's New York–Chicago leg, awarded 2 April 1927 and in service from 1 September 1927…
Mishawaka
- 1927The members' bars: the BK Club's bar, at anchor size
The club is Culture's; its bar stands here: The Broederenkring — the BK Club — at 721 South West Street was founded in 1927 by Belgian immigrants and stands whole in the Culture section: the bolling alleys, the feast calendar, the enclave's surviving institution.
Mishawaka
- 1927The BK Club: the Belgians' house, at anchor
The anchor: The Belgian community's club stands whole in the Culture section — the BK Club, the Broederenkring, founded in 1927, the house of the west end's Flemish life — and its course as a community institution is told there and in the Neighborhoods section, and is not repeated here.
Mishawaka
- 1927Open question: Stoll's account, 1923 or 1927
The question: stated whole in the Stoll article in Part One: the state library's guide dates the county account 1923, inside volume III of Esarey's History of Indiana ; the district nomination's bibliography dates the Esarey volume, from Dayton, Ohio, 1927 — and the two records give the work two different titles besides.
New Carlisle
- 1927Airmail: the transcontinental airway over the bend
Contract Air Mail route CAM-17, flown by National Air Transport, was awarded on 2 April 1927 and opened for service on 1 September 1927 — the New York–Chicago leg of the transcontinental route, meeting Boeing Air Transport's CAM-18 at Chicago to carry the mail coast to coast.
South Bend
- 1927–1928The bank closing of 1927 — a failure litigated, not a crime prosecuted
As the banks leg of this build establishes at anchor strength, the North Liberty State Bank was closed by the state effective 17 January 1927 (Federal Reserve Board Mimeograph Letters X-1530, week ended 21 January 1927), and in September 1928 the Walkerton Independent reported the State Banking Department's insolvency…
North Liberty
- 1927–1930The failure at household size: the suspension schedules of 1927 and 1930
For 1927: the Lakeville State Bank of Lakeville, St. Joseph County — organized 31 December 1917, suspended 20 January 1927, in a town the schedule counts at 333 people; its condition the day before suspension prints total resources of $176,475.44 against total deposits of $103,325.43; it reopened 27 June 1927.
Lakeville
- 1927–1978The Twin Branch Railroad: two miles of coal road
The smallest railroad Mishawaka ever had was built to feed a power station: The Twin Branch Railroad was organized in 1927, less than two miles in length, to haul coal from a connection with the New York Central's Elkhart & Western line to Indiana & Michigan Power's generating station on the St. Joseph River on…
Mishawaka
- 1927–2016John Brademas: eleven terms, then a university
The tie, exactly: Stephen John Brademas Jr. was born in Mishawaka on March 2, 1927 — a born-here tie, the strongest the record gives.
Mishawaka
- 1927–2016Remo Belli: the drumhead under every drummer
The tie, exactly: Remo Delmo Belli was born June 22, 1927, in Mishawaka, and grew up here — in his own words, given to Modern Drummer in March 2016, weeks before his death: "I grew up in Mishawaka, Indiana."
Mishawaka
- 1927–todayNotre Dame men's basketball — the Phelps era and the Joyce Center
The early titles: Before the NCAA tournament existed to settle it, Notre Dame was named national champion by the Helms Foundation for 1927 and 1936.
Notre Dame
- 1928The Harris School at Granger: the township's consolidated school
The Harris School at Granger was erected in 1928 — Harris Township's consolidated school, the building the district era built to replace its one-room districts on this ground.
Granger
- 1928The laboratory discovery: Lobund and germ-free life
Reyniers inaugurated germ-free animal research at Notre Dame in 1928 and directed the program until 1958, with Philip Charles Trexler as his engineering partner; the Indiana Academy of Science's history of the laboratory runs the course 1928–1965.
Granger
- 1928The bandshell dedicated, 1928
The dedication: Battell Park's bandshell — concrete, limestone, and copper, finished in 1927 after a first bandshell of 1918 — was dedicated on May 28, 1928, three days before Memorial Day, and it was dedicated as a war memorial: the commemorative plaque on its front reads, "Dedicated to those of Mishawaka, Indiana…
Mishawaka
- 1928West End Bakery: the Belgian house of 1928
The bakery opened in 1928 and was run by three generations of the Fobe family, Greg Fobe the third, until 2020.
Mishawaka
- 1928Gates Chevrolet: the grocer's side business that outlasted downtown
The company's own history says L. O. Gates started his first dealership in 1928 as a side business run out of his grocery store; the South Bend Tribune, writing in 2004, puts the first Gates dealership in Plymouth, Indiana, in 1928, founded by L. O. Gates.
Mishawaka
- 1928Germ-free life: Reyniers and the Lobund Laboratory, 1928
Animals raised without germs: The oldest continuous thread in this section begins in 1928, when James A. Reyniers inaugurated germfree animal research at the University of Notre Dame — the first published report of the work presented to the Indiana Academy of Science in 1932, in the academy's own history of the program.
Notre Dame
- 1928"Win one for the Gipper" — the 1928 speech and its afterlife
The setting: November 10, 1928, Yankee Stadium: undefeated Army, before about 78,000. Rockne's team was on its way to a 5–4 finish, his worst season.
Notre Dame
- 1928The lumber yard — the corridor's oldest continuous trade
One Roseland firm can be followed from 1928 to the present counter, and it is the lumber yard. The town code's 1927 "lumber company" was the Roseland Lumber & Supply Company , a branch yard of the Niles Lumber Company of Niles, Michigan.
Roseland
- 1928St. Augustine Parish
In 1928 the diocese decreed St. Augustine a parish, founded, in the diocesan archives’ phrase quoted by Today’s Catholic, to serve Black Catholics — “Negroes in all of South Bend.”
South Bend
- 1928The armory line, I · 727 South Eddy Street, 1928
The city's first purpose-built armory still stands, and keeps its 1928 face: The armory at 727 South Eddy Street was built in 1928 and served for its first decades as the city's National Guard armory, with an indoor shooting range behind its brick drill-hall walls — 16,200 square feet in all.
South Bend
- 1928Marked by its own hand: the Rotary marker and the landmark tour
In 1928 the Rotary Club of South Bend erected a marker at Michigan Street and LaSalle Avenue reading, in full: "On this site South Bend was founded as a fur trading post in 1823 by Alexis Coquillard, who came here from Detroit, Michigan, representing the American Fur Company."
South Bend
- 1928Dainty Maid: the bakery of 1928, closed and twice revived
The house: The Dainty Maid Bake Shop opened in 1928 at 231 South Michigan Street and baked there for eighty-eight years, a downtown institution of the kind the directories count without comment — its windows were worth photographing: the University of Notre Dame Archives holds Ron Parent's c.‑1970s photographs of them.
South Bend
- 1928Across the line: West End Bakery, Mishawaka's Belgian house — a boundary entry
The house and the paczki measure: West End opened in 1928, a Belgian bakery run by three generations of the Fobe family, Greg Fobe the third.
South Bend
- 1928–1929The sound pioneer, flagged
The Colfax Theater, 213 West Colfax Avenue, opened on August 4, 1928 (August 5 in the History Museum's count — printed as the conflict it is), the first theater in St. Joseph County to show sound pictures, and hailed by both South Bend papers as the first theater in the world to offer an all-sound program…
Granger
- 1928–1929The sound pioneer: sound came to this town's picture-goers in other cities' rooms
For the county frame, the Colfax Theater in South Bend opened 4 August 1928 hailed by local newspapers as the first theater in the United States — "and thereby in the world"…
Osceola
- 1928–1931The slide-fastener campaign, 1928–1931: the works takes on the zipper
It is the slide fastener — the zipper — and between the autumn of 1928 and the end of 1931 the Mishawaka company took out fastener paper at a rate that reads, in the annual lists, like a firm determined to own the closure of the rubber boot.
Mishawaka
- 1928–1933Pierce-Arrow and the Rockne: the luxury badge and the coach's car
Pierce-Arrow: In August 1928 Studebaker bought control of the Pierce-Arrow Motor Car Company of Buffalo, the luxury maker, to stand at the top of its range as Cadillac stood at General Motors'.
South Bend
- 1928–1933The Bendix Brakes on the court, 1928–1933
The player-record compilations of the era place a South Bend Bendix Brakes team playing independent professional basketball in 1928–29 and 1929–30 — the brake works' name on a court, in the years when the Bendix plant was becoming the city's industrial giant.
South Bend
- 1928–1952Depression, War, and the Postwar Surge
Charles O'Donnell, president from 1928 to 1934, and Matthew Walsh before him had both served as chaplains in the First World War, in which more than 2,200 Notre Dame students and alumni served; O'Donnell's doughboy helmet hangs as a light fixture in the Basilica's War Memorial entrance, beneath the inscription "God, Country, Notre Dame."
Notre Dame
- 1928–1994J. Chester and Elizabeth Fletcher Allen · two lawyers, thirty years of cases
He married Elizabeth Fletcher , a Chicagoan he had met at Boston University, in 1928; she joined him in South Bend in 1931, was admitted to the Indiana bar in 1938 — the first Black woman attorney in South Bend and in the state of Indiana…
South Bend
- 1928–1996Dottie Schroeder: All Twelve Seasons
Dorothy Schroeder was born April 11, 1928, in Sadorus, Illinois, and signed with South Bend at fifteen, for fifty-five dollars a week, the youngest of her league's founding players.
South Bend
- 1928–2026The schools seated in the place
The Granger attendance center the survey describes is the direct ancestor of today's roster: the Harris School at Granger, erected 1928, eight classrooms on three acres, carrying grades 1–3 — with a privately operated kindergarten renting a room, the district then having no kindergartens…
Granger
- 1928–2026The armory succession, tested: none in the two townships; the county's in South Bend, in order
In order: the 1928 armory at 727 South Eddy Street, South Bend — built as the city's National Guard armory and shooting range, later the Newman Recreation Center and a city storage building, and today The Armory, an event venue whose 1928 fabric, munitions doors and drill-hall ballroom survive in the restoration…
Granger
- 1928–todayThe institutional tables: a club dining room, a school basement, a parish feast
The school table prints at the Schools section's strength: the Penn-Harris-Madison corporation's feeding of thousands of children daily is that leg's subject, and this section carries only its ancestor image, which the Schools section documents from the 1963 Ball State study…
Granger
- 1928–todayThe Dealer Founders
The successions, in one line each: Gates: founded by L. O. Gates at Plymouth in 1928 as a grocer's side business; Mishawaka's Chevrolet store by 1949 with L. O. Gates president; a four-Gates letterhead by 1956 — L. O. president, Rose I. secretary-treasurer, Van E. vice-president, Ned B. general manager…
Mishawaka
- 1928–todayGates: the grocery store side business that outlived downtown
L. O. Gates started his first dealership in 1928 as a side business from his grocery store, and the South Bend Tribune's account fixes the place: the first Gates dealership was established in Plymouth, Indiana, in 1928.
South Bend
- 1929The licensing beats: the driver's license comes to Harris Prairie
The vehicle was licensed a generation before the driver was: Indiana's first law governing the licensing of drivers is the Act of March 13, 1929, chapter 162…
Granger
- 1929The Eberhart-Petro Municipal Golf Course
The city's golf course is named for the two men who gave the city its ground — a Ball Band industrialist and the mayor of his year: The Eberhart-Petro Municipal Golf Course, at 801 North State Street on the river's north side, opened in 1929 with nine holes on the south side of the St. Joe River and expanded to…
Mishawaka
- 1929The Tivoli: the talkies, the receivership, and the downtown years
The year 1929 remade the house three ways: another new manager; a minor fire in the foundation of the stage; and the conversion that mattered…
Mishawaka
- 1929The licensing beats: the driver's license comes to Olive Township
The vehicle was licensed a generation before the driver was: Indiana's first law governing the licensing of drivers is the Act of March 13, 1929, chapter 162…
New Carlisle
- 1929The bank that one record places in 1929 and no record names
In 1929 North Liberty had a second bank — one sentence says so, and nothing else does.
North Liberty
- 1929The second bank of 1929 — a nomination sentence no carrier names
The Commercial District nomination (§8) states that the town "also had a second bank operating south of the movie theater in 1929" — the theater then occupying the south storefront of 140 North Main.
North Liberty
- 1929The licensing beats: the driver's license comes to Penn Township
The vehicle was licensed a generation before the driver was: Indiana's first law governing the licensing of drivers is the Act of March 13, 1929, chapter 162…
Osceola
- 1929Holy Cross Parish
Founding and character: Holy Cross Parish and Holy Cross School in South Bend were founded in 1929 and remain ministries of the Congregation of Holy Cross, the order that founded Notre Dame.
South Bend
- 1929Crash and sit-down: the Depression city
The factory city's prosperity had been built on things people could stop buying, and in 1929 they stopped: The consolidation of the age had begun months before the crash: on April 1, 1929, the Oliver Chilled Plow Works merged with the Hart-Parr and Nichols & Shepard companies and the American Seeding Machine Company…
South Bend
- 1929The forecast record: what South Bend predicted for itself
When Union Station opened on 27 May 1929, Mayor Chester R. Montgomery predicted the city would reach 200,000 residents by 1939 — a doubling of the 104,193 the census was about to count, in a single decade.
South Bend
- 1929Bendix Field: the purchase of 1929 and the opening of 1933
The airport began as a manufacturer's land purchase: In 1929 Vincent Bendix, founder of the Bendix Aviation Corporation, purchased 610 acres northwest of South Bend to give the city air service closer in than the northeast field.
South Bend
- 1929St. Matthew Cathedral School — and the Second Floor’s High School
The school: St. Matthew’s parish, on the southeast side, built its school before its cathedral: construction began May 15, 1929, and Bishop Noll dedicated the building on October 13, 1929, at a cost of 167,000 dollars.
South Bend
- 1929Holy Cross and Christ the King — the Congregation’s Own Parishes
Holy Cross School: Holy Cross School, at 1020 Wilber Street, was established in 1929, and the school was the parish’s first building, housing the original church — the school-first pattern of St. Anthony’s and St. Casimir’s repeated a generation later.
South Bend
- 1929The licensing beats: the driver's license at the county seat's counter
The vehicle was licensed a generation before the driver was: Indiana's first law governing the licensing of drivers is the Act of March 13, 1929, chapter 162…
South Bend
- 1929The licensing beats: the driver's license at the Roosevelt Road counter
The vehicle was licensed a generation before the driver was: Indiana's first law governing the licensing of drivers is the Act of March 13, 1929, chapter 162…
Walkerton
- 1929–1930The last two championships — 1929 and 1930
1929: Nine games, nine wins — and all nine played away from home, while the new stadium was under construction on the campus ground.
Notre Dame
- 1929–1938The flagship field whole: purchase, opening, county purchase
In 1929 Vincent Hugo Bendix, founder of the Bendix Aviation Corporation, bought 610 acres northwest of South Bend for an airfield closer to the city than the Granger field.
Osceola
- 1929–1939The 1929 summit — and the silences of the thirties
1929 is the summit of the old series. The Census of Manufactures of 1929 — taken on the eve of the crash, its Indiana volume printing the city's 1930 population as 28,630 — counted 30 establishments in Mishawaka, 5,595 wage earners, and 16,820 primary horsepower, the last horsepower figure the city tables ever print.
Mishawaka
- 1929–1945The Bendix works at war — the South Bend production record
What South Bend made: The Bendix company of this record — founded in South Bend in 1924 on brakes, its founder's starter drive manufactured for it from 1914 by the Eclipse Machine Company of Elmira, New York…
South Bend
- 1929–1960Cadet Field: the airport on Granger's own ground
Its earliest depiction is a Department of Commerce Airway Bulletin dated January 16, 1929: a municipal airport owned and operated by the City of South Bend, a 240-acre square sandy turf field with a 3,200-foot east–west dimension.
Granger
- 1929–1962The rubber works' materials: Koylon, the fuel cells, and claims that belong to the parent
Foam rubber — the material the plant sold as Koylon from 1937, on the marker's dating — was invented in 1929 at Dunlop Rubber in Birmingham, England, by E. A. Murphy and Eric Owen, who whipped liquid latex into a froth and vulcanized it; Dunlopillo was its first name, and Murphy's patent file runs to more than forty grants.
Mishawaka
- 1929–1963The Depression test, and the end — absorbed, December 1963
The town's one bank came through the bank holiday licensed and kept its charter for another three decades; there is no 1929–34 failure in New Carlisle to record, and that negative is printed at the strength of the licensing lists.
New Carlisle
- 1929–1976The boundary: after 1929, an Oliver tractor is an Iowa tractor
The merger line, at pointer size: On 1 April 1929 the Oliver Chilled Plow Works merged with the Hart-Parr Tractor Company of Charles City, Iowa, the Nichols & Shepard Company of Battle Creek, Michigan, and the American Seeding Machine Company of Richmond, Indiana, to form the Oliver Farm Equipment Company, with its…
South Bend
- 1929–1988The patronage era as it landed here: a system with no local post
The frame, in brief: the Act of 13 March 1929 (ch. 162) put the branches under the parties' county organisations; the system's texture is documented at state strength in the November 1958 UPI reporting on the Handley administration; Governor Orr's 1986 move against it and the commission takeover of July 1988 ended it.
Lakeville
- 1929–1988The patronage era as it landed here: a system with no local post
The frame, in brief: the Act of 13 March 1929 (ch. 162) put the branches under the parties' county organisations; the system's texture is documented at state strength in the November 1958 UPI reporting on the Handley administration; Governor Orr's 1986 move against it and the commission takeover of July 1988 ended it.
North Liberty
- 1929–2010Ralph McInerny — a hundred books, thirty of them mysteries
Ralph McInerny was born in Minneapolis on 24 February 1929 and came to the University of Notre Dame in 1955 to teach philosophy; he stayed fifty-four years, retired in the spring of 2009, and died in South Bend on 29 January 2010, the obituaries datelined from this city.
South Bend
- 1929–2013Fire Station No. 4: the house that was a fire station
Built in 1929 at 2319 Lincolnway East, on Lot 22 of the Brookside Addition at South Brook Avenue, it was designed by the South Bend firm of Freyermuth & Maurer in what its nomination calls "a blend of simple Tudor Revival and English Cottage details"…
Mishawaka
- 1929–2014The flagship succession: Bendix Field to South Bend International
In 1929 Vincent Bendix, of the Bendix Aviation Corporation, purchased 610 acres northwest of South Bend for a company airfield.
Granger
- 1929–2014The mint trade's course after Mishawaka: the center moves, then the country
The United States Department of Agriculture's Farmers' Bulletin on peppermint and spearmint as farm crops (February 1929) places the industry's center exactly where the 1906 report left it: mint culture "centralized in Indiana, Michigan, western Oregon and Washington," the Michigan and Indiana muck lands the…
Mishawaka
- 1929–2021Professions inside segregation: the doctors and nurses who practised inside the segregated hospitals, named
Beside them: Dr. Bernard Streets, one of the city's first Black dentists (Indiana University School of Dentistry, 1929), whose west-side office later moved to West Washington Street, who taught himself Polish to serve his Polish clients, and who with his wife Odie Mae helped revive the NAACP in 1930…
Granger
- 1929–2023Harold Rubert "Hal" Muncie: the superintendent who built the modern corporation
Born 4 December 1929 at Madison, Indiana; DePauw University, B.A. 1952.
Walkerton
- 1929–2026The Planning Line: From the Zoning Ordinance to South Bend 2045
A City Plan Commission was reporting zoning recommendations to the Common Council by the spring of 1931: the council minutes of 13 April 1931 carry its reports of 2 and 3 April on petitions to change zoning classifications, under a zoning ordinance, No. 2331, that the council had already amended by Ordinance No. 2697…
South Bend
- 1929–todayUnion Station
It was built in 1928–29, for $1.2 million, to the Art Deco design of Fellheimer & Wagner — the firm of Buffalo Central Terminal and the Cincinnati Union Terminal, working here at smaller scale…
South Bend
- 1929–todayUnion Station — the screen test negative, the wires positive
The test that fails: A grand 1929 station by Fellheimer and Wagner — the firm of Buffalo's Central Terminal and Cincinnati's Union Terminal — would seem a natural film location, and stations named Union Station are among the most filmed interiors in America.
South Bend
- 1929–todayThe Tower Era — the Tower Building (1929) and Liberty Tower
The Tower Building was designed by Austin & Shambleau and built by H. G. Christman & Company in 1929: twelve stories and 150 feet, faced in terra cotta and marble on its north and east sides, in the Skyscraper Gothic style — the only structure of its kind in South Bend, on the university survey's judgment.
South Bend