St. Joseph County, Indiana · 20th century
1940s
250 dated events in 1940s, in order. Part of the full timeline.
20th century 250 dated mentions
1940s
- 1940The colour line at the desk: the Green Book, run edition by edition — absence printed as absence
The editions read whole at their Indiana pages — the 1940 Negro Motorist Green Book, the 1949 edition, and the Smithsonian-transcribed edition of the same era — agree exactly.
Granger
- 1940The Green Book test: Mishawaka is not in the book
Three editions were read first-hand for this entry: 1940 and 1949 in their full texts, and 1947 in the Smithsonian's transcription of the National Museum of African American History and Culture's copy.
Mishawaka
- 19401940: shoes, clothing and beauty on one street
The 1940 telephone directory's North Liberty section, transcribed whole in the banks leg, shows the dress trades at their fullest documented spread.
North Liberty
- 1940The lunch-room town: the 1940 table
In 1940 a traveller could eat in North Liberty at the Chat En Chew Lunch Room, at Jay's Lunch Room, or at Gardner's Inn.
North Liberty
- 1940The street record: garages, agencies and gasoline
The 1940 directory transcribed in the banks leg fills in the trade at that date: the Bare & Heim Service Station, Hazelbaker's Phillips 66, and Poynter's Service Station — three fuel-and-service houses in a town of under a thousand, the gasoline street in miniature.
North Liberty
- 1940The war years: training at both fields, and the base that went elsewhere
South Bend bid for a base and got a training program: In 1940, as the Army Air Corps looked for Midwestern bases, South Bend and Fort Wayne lobbied for the same prize, and Fort Wayne won it.
South Bend
- 1940Knute Rockne, All American (1940) — the first production
The American Film Institute's catalog, working from the trade press of the production months, records two facts that fix the film's geography: the Hollywood Reporter items in its file state that the picture was shot on location at Notre Dame at South Bend, Indiana, with Nick Lukats, a former Notre Dame football star…
South Bend
- 1940–1941Twin Branch — the “world's first” that rides on a company publication
Of the plant's third unit, added in 1940–41, the city's history writes that it was, “according to a company publication, ‘the world's first generating unit to utilize steam pressure as high as 2,400 pounds per square inch in the commercial production of electric power.’”
Mishawaka
- 1940–1941Verified whole — the Bendix Brakes in the ASA's own tournament record, 1940–1941
The Sports leg carried the Bendix Brakes' fastpitch peak from the ASA champions list — runners-up in 1940, champions in 1941 — with Ike Bierwagen's figures carried as local recounting.
South Bend
- 1940–1949The high-pressure frontier — Twin Branch's steam claims, tested
On the trade record, then, this much stands without any company's advertising: in 1940–41 Mishawaka's steam plant was designed, built and written up by its own engineers as the system's high-pressure proving ground, at pressures the profession itself treated as the frontier of commercial practice.
Mishawaka
- 1940–1949The frontier of steam, and the "world's first" that rode on it
Of the plant's third unit, added in 1940–41, the city's history writes: "according to a company publication, 'the world's first generating unit to utilize steam pressure as high as 2,400 pounds per square inch in the commercial production of electric power'"…
Mishawaka
- 1940–1950Fastpitch — the Bendix Brakes win a national championship
The title: The ASA's own champions list records it plainly: in 1940 the Bendix Brakes of South Bend were the national runners-up, losing the final to Kodak Park of Rochester; in 1941 the Bendix Brakes were the ASA national champions, beating the Schlitz team of Atlanta in the final.
South Bend
- 1940–1950Ike Bierwagen: The Factory Game's Ace
The American Softball Association's champions list gives the Brakes the national championship in 1941, after a runner-up finish in 1940.
South Bend
- 1940–1956The colour line at the desk: the Green Book test, run in the book itself
Who could not register is tested here in the instrument built for the question: the Negro Motorist Green Book , read for this ground across the editions openly available — 1940, 1949, the Smithsonian-transcribed edition, and the Fall 1956 edition (New York Public Library / Schomburg).
Osceola
- 1940–1968Buses under the railway's heirs: Northern Indiana Transit and the private years, 1940-1968
The Northern Indiana Railway, Inc. had sold its surviving rail property — the South Bend and Mishawaka city lines, the only rails it had left — to Northern Indiana Transit, Inc. in January 1940, months before the last cars ran, and the new company worked the conversion of 15 June 1940 and ran the buses of both cities from 16 June.
Mishawaka
- 1940–1968The private bus era: 1940–1968
The railway company as a bus company: The reorganization of 1940 left the Northern Indiana Railway, Inc. a railway in name and a bus operator in fact.
South Bend
- 1940–1970The first-plaza question, 1940–1970
No plaza-form shopping centre — a dated, named group of shops built as one project with its own parking field — stands in Walkerton's record for 1940–1970.
Walkerton
- 1940–1992The screen map — what the cameras actually shot here
Knute Rockne, All American (1940): Warner Bros.' biography of Rockne, with Pat O'Brien as Rockne and Ronald Reagan as George Gipp, was made with the university's cooperation and shot, in part, on the campus it depicts…
South Bend
- 1940–1993Location productions: tested negative for Osceola, the checklist pair dug at boundary
The checklist pair, at boundary, because they are the county's whole location canon: Knute Rockne, All American (1940; Pat O'Brien as Rockne, Ronald Reagan as George Gipp) was made with the University of Notre Dame's cooperation on its campus…
Osceola
- 1940–2009The bus era whole: the private successor, the public corporation, and Osceola's seventy-five-year blank
The bus era in the two cities ran private, then public: when the streetcars ended in 1940 the buses that replaced them ran under private operation, and the era's dominant carrier was Northern Indiana Transit, which held South Bend–Mishawaka bus service until 1967.
Osceola
- 1940–2013The productions shot here, one by one — and the Notre Dame pictures, separated
Knute Rockne—All American (1940) was, per AFI, "shot on location at Notre Dame at South Bend, IN," premiering at South Bend October 4, 1940.
Granger
- 1940–2020Donald Heirman: standardization is not invention, printed exactly
Donald Nestor Heirman, born in Mishawaka on 16 August 1940, a Uniroyal foreman's son, spent more than thirty years at Bell Laboratories in New Jersey and became the world's standards authority in electromagnetic compatibility…
Mishawaka
- 1940–2020Donald N. Heirman: Mr. EMC Standards
The tie, exactly: Donald Nestor Heirman was born August 16, 1940, in Mishawaka and raised here — a quiet recovery the general compilations miss entirely.
Mishawaka
- 1940–2020The Census Volumes
What it is: the Population leg built the town's census spine from the census volumes themselves, not from any gazetteer's relay: the 1940 Census, vol.
Mishawaka
- 1940–2026The service clubs as clubs, dated: a Lions club, a Kiwanis club, and the Rotary's missing charter
The Clay-Granger Lions Club is a Granger club in the federal record — Post Office Box 526, Granger, with a directory seat at 16360 Fairfield Lane — whose tax profile carries a ruling date of December 1940 (rendered "founded in 1940" by CauseIQ's profile…
Granger
- 1940–2026The conversion, and what farms remain, as of November 2026
The township's west became a suburb on the town's own curve: the town of Osceola more than doubled in the 1940s (498 in 1940, 1,091 in 1950) and stands at 2,590 in 2020, its growth "by the subdivision street rather than by the factory gate" (the Story of Osceola section), and Mishawaka's annexations took parts of Penn…
Osceola
- 1940–2026The modern course — doors, composites, and the corridor, 1940–2026
Its earliest modern marker is a reuse: in January 1940 the post office moved into the former State Bank of Walkerton building, bought by Vern Hardenbrook of the bottling family (the banks article).
Walkerton
- 1940–todayAdams High School
Founded: John Adams High School, named for the second president, opened on 30 September 1940 at 808 South Twyckenham Drive, on about twenty acres between the River Park and Sunnymede neighborhoods, across from the ground Indiana University South Bend would later take.
South Bend
- 1941Trucks to Russia: the US6
South Bend built 197,678 of them between 1941 and 1945, by the count the company's war record supports; Reo built a further 22,204 identical trucks at Lansing as subcontractor.
South Bend
- 1941Jeremy Leven: the novelist-screenwriter of The Notebook, born here
Jeremy Leven (born 1941): a name the Famous People pass left at "documented tie unresolved," settled up here on the standard biographical record.
South Bend
- 1941The 113th Engineers' South Bend armory · the induction of January 1941
When the Guard was called up for the Second World War, one of its regiments kept a battalion's rendezvous in South Bend: The 113th Engineer Regiment (Combat), Indiana National Guard, was inducted into the Army of the United States on 17 January 1941 under Colonel John W. Wheeler, and the regiment's own history of the…
South Bend
- 1941–1945The Second World War: the County's 430
The disproportion is the finding, and the remedy is a named source: the South Bend Tribune chronicled the county's service daily in its "Service Notes" column from 1941, and the St. Joseph County Public Library's index to that column (1941–1979, across three wars) is the instrument from which a township roll…
Granger
- 1941–1945The Second World War: the County Figure Not Settled, and Why
What exists is the settlers' apparatus: the South Bend Tribune 's "Service Notes" column, indexed by the St. Joseph County Public Library for 1941–1979, which followed county men drafted, promoted, and moved, and is searchable by the serviceman…
Lakeville
- 1941–1945The war plant: Doolittle's tanks and the whole second war
The fuel cells: The plant joined the war effort in 1941 fabricating self-sealing fuel containers, in the marker's account — rubber bladders that sealed themselves around a bullet hole, made by the thousand for the bombers and fighters of two air forces.
Mishawaka
- 1941–1945The war flow: tanks to Tokyo, fuel cells to four air forces' bombers
From 1941 the Ball Band works fabricated self-sealing fuel cells, and in February 1942, working around the clock, its people designed and built three fuel tanks for each of the Army's B-25 bombers…
Mishawaka
- 1941–1945The sea services: ten names
The summary's own rule: The Navy Department's State Summary of War Casualties for Indiana (compiled February 1946) states its scope on its face, and the scope is printed here with the roll it bounds: inclusion is determined solely by the residence of the next of kin at the time of notification…
Mishawaka
- 1941–1945The Second World War
A county page-image count of the Honor List was not completed and stands in the note as residue, with the St. Joseph County Public Library's Service Notes index (1941–1979) named as the name-level settler for this war above all others.
North Liberty
- 1941–1945War flows: trucks to Russia, the Persian Corridor, and its echo
Under contract from April 1941, Studebaker's South Bend plant built the US6 2½-ton truck from June 1941 to August 1945: 197,678 trucks built at South Bend (plus 22,204 identical trucks license-built by REO at Lansing — the license line of art-60-6, kept distinct), most of them for Lend-Lease, primarily for the Red Army…
Osceola
- 1941–1945Migration and the industrial ceiling, together
At Bendix, the civil-rights attorney J. Chester Allen (art-68-6) persuaded the company, against the pressure of the June 1941 executive order opening defence work, to hire its first six Black workers in 1941…
Osceola
- 1941–1945The second war: trucks, engines, and the Weasel
The engines: Under contracts signed in January 1941, the government financed the building of engine plants which Studebaker then operated — at South Bend (the Chippewa Avenue plant), Chicago, and Fort Wayne — to build the Wright Cyclone R-1820 radial engine under license for the B-17 Flying Fortress.
South Bend
- 1941–1945The Second World War · the arsenal's city and the long roll
The service front wrote itself daily in the hometown paper: from 1941 the South Bend Tribune ran its "Service Notes" column — county citizens drafted, enlisted, promoted, transferred, wounded, decorated, missing and killed…
South Bend
- 1941–1945The Second World War: the county's 430, and the town roll the records do not itemize
The item closes as a named gap: the town's Second World War death roll, if the record holds one, will be settled by the full index sweep, by the Saint Joseph County Public Library's Military Service Notes Column Index (1941–1979), which covers the war years from the county newspapers and is the standing settler of…
Walkerton
- 1941–1949The home front of the Second World War, and the veterans' answer
The war plant: The core of Mishawaka's second home front was industrial, and it is told whole in the Ball Band leg: the works that began fabricating self-sealing fuel cells in 1941, built the bomb-bay and crawlway tanks that stretched the Doolittle raiders' range in February 1942 and received Doolittle's own visit and…
Mishawaka
- 1941–1953The Second World War and Korea: the rolls that are not compiled
The hometown record: through all three wars the South Bend Tribune ran its "Service Notes" column — the county's men and women drafted, promoted, wounded, decorated, and lost, reported as it happened from 1941 through 1979.
South Bend
- 1941–1963Design as invention: the Loewy studio, Robert Bourke, the Tucker suit, and the Avanti's discs
Robert E. Bourke, hired by Virgil Exner into the Loewy organization in 1941 and promoted to head its automobile design in 1947, ran the South Bend office from 1949 to 1955, and the postwar cars the studio is remembered for are substantially his.
South Bend
- 1941–1968Counter-moves, dated: separate defence housing, twenty-two couples in secret, a mapped district, and the March 1968 ordinance
South Bend's council refused a housing authority in 1939; the authority created in 1941 existed only to support defence-worker housing, and its first two projects were restricted to defence workers and segregated by race and location under federal policy: 250 housing units for White workers, 150 for Black workers.
Granger
- 1941–1968The counter-moves, dated: defence housing, the street bought in secret, the mapped district, and the ordinance's month
Boundary — the counter-moves, each with its date: the housing authority created in 1941 built its first two defence-housing projects segregated by design…
Osceola
- 1941–1968Jim Crow without signs · public accommodations and the Kale test case
The community tested the arrangement in court at the first opportunity: in 1941 , after the manager of Hook's Drug Stores denied lunch-counter service to two Black women, the Allens' group of lawyers prosecuted State of Indiana v.
South Bend
- 1941–1976Don M. Newman — Sagamore of the Wabash (twice), and the state's Outstanding Pharmacist, 1970
99-604) lists his honors whole: the Elliott D. Vorinck Award (Riley High School, 1941); the Glen Jenkins Award (Purdue, as a freshman pharmacist, 1942); Outstanding Pharmacist, State of Indiana, 1970 ; the Distinguished Alumni Award of the Indiana University South Bend Alumni Association, 1976; and the Sagamore of the Wabash — twice .
Osceola
- 1941–2015The registers by tie: born here, formed here, chose this ground
Chose this ground — one name: Ken "Hawk" Harrelson was born September 4, 1941, in Woodruff, South Carolina, and raised in Savannah, Georgia, where he was schooled at Benedictine Military School; nothing in his formation touches Indiana.
Granger
- 1941–2023The Morris fortune's giving: an inn, a theatre saved for a dollar, and three generations of lead gifts
In 1941 Morris bought the bankrupt Clement Studebaker Jr.'s Tippecanoe Place — the mansion that had cost 250,000 dollars to build — for 20,000 dollars, and gave it to the South Bend schools, which held it for a generation.
South Bend
- 1941–todayNotre Dame Federal Credit Union — Room 329 of the Main Building
The founding: Notre Dame Federal Credit Union was founded in May 1941 by Lou Buckley and John Sheehan, two university men who judged that the people who worked at Notre Dame needed a lender of their own.
Notre Dame
- 1942Mills Bros. Came Three Times: 1942, 1943, 1960
It played Mishawaka on 20 July 1942, in a week that ran Nappanee, Syracuse, Mishawaka, Elkhart; again on 24 July 1943, coming in from Bremen; and again on 17 May 1960, between Niles and Hobart.
Mishawaka
- 1942The war years: the trade with nothing new to sell
The national frame: In February 1942 the American automobile industry stopped building civilian cars altogether, by federal order, and did not resume until the autumn of 1945; the factories that had supplied Mishawaka's showrooms — Studebaker across the river among them — built war material instead.
Mishawaka
- 1942The Mother Congregation and Oak Grove, Disorganized 1942
Before there were separate Brethren congregations there was one — the Whitmer church, covering much of the county's southwest — and its remainder, Oak Grove, was disorganized in 1942.
North Liberty
- 1942–1943The Studebaker Champions, 1942–1943
The team: In 1942 the United Auto Workers funded a National Basketball League team for the men of the Studebaker war plants: the Chicago Studebaker Flyers, whose players worked in the company's Chicago aviation-engine plant and played in the NBL, the strongest professional league of its day.
South Bend
- 1942–1944Thomas Jesse Heltzel: the Silver Star at Saipan
He was a corporal in the United States Marine Corps, a crew chief in the 2d Amphibian Tractor Battalion, V Amphibious Corps, and his Silver Star — awarded posthumously, by the Commander in Chief, Pacific, Serial 470 of 22 February 1945 — covers nearly two years of war, from the Solomons landings of August 1942 to the first wave at Saipan.
South Bend
- 1942–1945The war years whole: the trade with nothing new to sell, 1941–45
The federal course, at the strength the record carries it: on January 1, 1942, the Office of Production Management froze all consumer vehicle sales — even cars already ordered could not be delivered.
Granger
- 1942–1945The war years, 1942–45: an honest small negative
The only 1942 Ford-garage advertising hit in the local newspaper record is the Walkerton Ford Garage (Walkerton Independent, 30 April 1942) — Walkerton's business, a boundary exclusion, not this town's.
North Liberty
- 1942–1945The war years at both fields — part dug, part named gap; the base that went elsewhere
Renamed Cadet Field , the old South Bend Airport northeast of the city had its official opening under that name reported by the Tribune on 9 August 1942, and the Tribune's reports of 23 March 1942 stand behind the cadet name in the transportation-history account — a training-flavoured name for a training-era field.
Osceola
- 1942–1945The war years: the showrooms empty
On 2 January 1942 the Indianapolis Times carried the Office of Production Management's ruling under the headline "Sales of New Autos Halted": no dealer could legally sell a new vehicle, not even the cars standing in show windows and warehouses, and the roughly 450,000 new cars then in dealers' hands across the country…
South Bend
- 1942–1953The sponge-rubber war program, 1942–1953: two paper channels at once
The lists now add the missing middle term: from 1942 the Mishawaka works' own men patented the making of sponge and foam rubber continuously, in volume, through two channels at once…
Mishawaka
- 1942–2001Two airmen of the county record: Richard Brenneman and William J. Kelly
Richard Charles Brenneman (born March 25, 1942): the Military Times Hall of Valor gives Brenneman's birth and his home of record both as Mishawaka.
Mishawaka
- 1942–2026State Road 4: the east–west road at the north edge
Entry into the state system: the western segment "was added to the state road system between 1942 and 1945, between LaPorte and Lakeville " (the route history, citing the state highway maps of 1942 and 1945)…
Lakeville
- 1942–todayThe exhibition institutions: no league of its own — the region's, in Mishawaka rooms
The region's league, exhibiting here: What Mishawaka has had, since 1942, is the region's league working in Mishawaka rooms.
Mishawaka
- 1942–todayCrowe — the accounting firm founded on this ground
Crowe was established in South Bend in 1942 by two men whose work already ran through the city's institutions: Fred P. Crowe Sr., a public accountant who had served eight years as St. Joseph County auditor, and Cletus F. Chizek, head of the accounting department at Notre Dame.
South Bend
- 1942–todayThe smaller banners: DAV, the Marine Corps League, the Vietnam veterans
The chapter's charter year is not in the reachable record; the DAV's national group exemption under which the chapter files dates to 1942, and that date belongs to the national body, not to the chapter, and is not printed as the chapter's.
South Bend
- 1943The Lakeville Lions — Organised 28 June 1943, Chartered 11 August 1943
The Lions organised here on 28 June 1943 and received their charter on 11 August 1943 — a six-week organising course, preserved at day precision in the club record the record carry.
Lakeville
- 1943The Franciscan sisters at anchor: a motherhouse whose works stand elsewhere
The Sisters of St. Francis of Perpetual Adoration have kept their motherhouse on Dragoon Trail since 1943, and the religion record of this history owns that house whole — the perpetual adoration, the Marian High School staffing across the road, the health system's headquarters that rose on the same ground in 1986.
Mishawaka
- 1943The Franciscan headquarters: a health system seated here, a hospital never
The Sisters of St. Francis of Perpetual Adoration — founded at Olpe, Germany, in 1863 by Mother Maria Theresia Bonzel, landed at Lafayette in December 1875, where they founded St. Elizabeth Hospital — bought the 400-acre Carlisle estate on Dragoon Trail in June 1943 and made it their Mishawaka motherhouse…
Mishawaka
- 1943Perpetual Adoration at Mount Alverno: Easter 1943 to the Present
What changed at Mishawaka was the form: in 1943, through the Franciscan Father Columban Kramer, O.F.M., the house received the grant of Perpetual Exposition — the Blessed Sacrament exposed on the altar continuously, not reserved only — with Bishop Noll's grant behind it.
Mishawaka
- 1943Sarah Evans Barker: the first woman on Indiana's federal bench
The tie, exactly: Sarah Evans Barker was born June 10, 1943, in Mishawaka — the Federal Judicial Center's record gives the year and the place together, "Born 1943 in Mishawaka, IN" — and she is a graduate of Mishawaka High School, per Indiana University's honors biography.
Mishawaka
- 1943The Bendix Field ballpark question
One question from the Sports section is answered here at the size the airport record supports — which is to say, it is not settled: The South Bend Blue Sox of the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League played their first three seasons, 1943–45, at a ground the record calls Bendix Field, drawing 40,000 to…
South Bend
- 1943Elijah Anderson: the sociologist South Bend formed
Elijah Anderson (born 1943): the most consequential scholar this city formed in the twentieth century whom its rosters had not entered — and the entry the earlier passes could not see, because his South Bend tie does not stand in any reference biography's first line.
South Bend
- 1943War industry as military presence · the proving ground and the ordnance plants
The factories' own records are in the business legs; their ground's uniformed work belongs here: West of the city, the Studebaker Proving Ground — the company's test track, opened in the 1920s…
South Bend
- 1943Robert E. Hannan Jr.: a Silver Star carried as a synopsis
A technical sergeant in the Army Air Forces, he was a gunner on a bomber of the Far East Air Forces in the Southwest Pacific, and he was killed on 12 October 1943.
South Bend
- 1943Joseph D. Barry: the pastor who went as a chaplain
The Silver Star: Barry served as chaplain of the 157th Infantry Regiment, 45th Infantry Division, and earned the Silver Star in Sicily, on or about 29 July 1943 — the award published in Headquarters, 45th Infantry Division, General Orders No. 153 of 1944.
South Bend
- 1943Why "Blue Sox"? The Worked Example of an Honest Blank
The state historical marker's annotation rebuilds the spring of 1943 out of the South Bend Tribune 's own headlines: "Girls Softball," 17 April; "South Bend Approves Team in Girls' Softball League: Business Men Back Plan to Join Circuit," 28 April; "Girls Softball Club Gets Aid of Veterans," 13 May…
South Bend
- 1943The Fourth City Chosen: The Founding, Spring 1943
On April 17, 1943, the paper was writing about girls' softball; on April 28 it reported "South Bend Approves Team in Girls' Softball League: Business Men Back Plan to Join Circuit"; on May 13, "Girls Softball Club Gets Aid of Veterans."
South Bend
- 1943–1944The Charter Seasons: 1943 and 1944
The league played a split season in 1943, and on the league's own split-season tables South Bend finished second in each half — 28–26 in the first, 30–24 in the second — for a whole-season line of 58–50.
South Bend
- 1943–1945The Ballpark No Map Keeps: Bendix Field
The documented facts: For three seasons, 1943 through 1945, the South Bend Blue Sox of the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League played their home games at a ground every source calls Bendix Field.
South Bend
- 1943–1945A charter club — the Blue Sox begin, 1943–1945
The league: The All-American Girls Professional Baseball League was founded in 1943 by Chicago chewing-gum magnate Philip K. Wrigley, to keep professional baseball in the Midwest while the men's game was drained by the war.
South Bend
- 1943–1945Dottie Schroeder: All Twelve Seasons
She played in the league's first game, on May 30, 1943, as the Blue Sox' shortstop, and she played in its last championship game, on September 5, 1954, as Kalamazoo's shortstop, and won a championship in it.
South Bend
- 1943–1946Bendix Field — the placement hardened to the far west side; the lot still unlocated
The same annotation gives the Bendix Field seasons' attendance — 41,918 in 1943, 49,294 in 1944, 49,223 in 1945 — inside the range the banked entry carries.
South Bend
- 1943–1950Bonnie Baker: The Face of the League
Mary Geraldine Baker — Bonnie — was born in Regina, Saskatchewan, on July 10, 1918 (the Canadian references give 1919; the register's 1918 is printed here and the variant carried in this history's note), and she was recruited out of Canadian softball by the scout Hub Bishop for the league's first tryout camp at Wrigley Field in May 1943.
South Bend
- 1943–1954The women's-league test: the South Bend Blue Sox had no Granger daughter
The test, stated: The All-American Girls Professional Baseball League played in this county for its whole life — the South Bend Blue Sox, 1943–1954 — and the Blue Sox file lives in South Bend's history, where it belongs.
Granger
- 1943–1954The parent channel's bench: chemists, tank men, and the testing laboratory
Walter R. Hoover — Clayton's sponge partner of 1943 — with R. M. Paulsen of Mishawaka and S. V. Landgraf of Elkhart, No. 2,429,060, on controlling the polymerization of dihydric-alcohol esters, of 14 October 1947.
Mishawaka
- 1943–1954The women's-league stars, tested: no Mishawaka daughter in the league's register
A search of the league's own site for "Mishawaka" returns exactly one profile: Edward Burke, hometown Mishawaka — a bat boy for the 1943 Kenosha Comets, not a player.
Mishawaka
- 1943–1954The women's-league club of this valley — the South Bend Blue Sox, printed as South Bend's
The founding: The All-American Girls Professional Baseball League was founded by Philip K. Wrigley in 1943, to keep professional baseball before the public while the men's game was thinned by the war.
Mishawaka
- 1943–1954The Blue Sox stars, at one line each
Bonnie Baker: Named with Faut in the league record as the franchise's defining players — the catcher at the center of the club's first decade, who played in the league's first game on May 30, 1943, and was featured in Life magazine in 1945.
South Bend
- 1943–1954The Game They Played: Softball Growing into Baseball
The Blue Sox of 1943 and the Blue Sox of 1954 were playing recognizably different games under the same name, because the league rebuilt its rules almost every year in one direction — from softball toward baseball.
South Bend
- 1943–1954The Managers
Bert Niehoff (1943–44) and Marty McManus (1945) were the softball-era managers; McManus made the Mahon trade and returned for the first overhand season in 1948.
South Bend
- 1943–1954The Supporting Cast
Two future Rockford greats began as Blue Sox, as the charter-seasons entry records — Lois Florreich (1943–44) and Rose Gacioch (1944) — and the league's most famous name of all, Dorothy Kamenshek, never wore the uniform; she is Rockford's, and this history leaves her there.
South Bend
- 1943–1954The Twelve Rosters
For 1943–48 and 1954 the lists are the registers' own and are printed whole.
South Bend
- 1943–1968Local 65: the documented labor course
March 1943 — the wartime strike: On 8–9 March 1943 Local 65 struck the plant in protest at the War Labor Board's "unreasonable delay" in ruling on a wage appeal — the union had asked twelve and a half cents an hour.
Mishawaka
- 1943–1970The Graduate School of Sacred Theology, 1943
In 1943 Sister Madeleva founded at Saint Mary's the Graduate School of Sacred Theology — the nation's first graduate theology program for women, in the congregation's own summary of it — at a time when the discipline's graduate doors stood closed to women nearly everywhere.
Notre Dame
- 1943–1971Fairview Cemetery — the grave of Charles Kuhl, the soldier Patton slapped
Charles H. Kuhl of Mishawaka was the sick soldier whom General George S. Patton struck and reviled in an evacuation hospital in Sicily in August 1943 — the first and more famous of the two slapping incidents that nearly ended Patton's career.
Mishawaka
- 1943–1982The working women of Ball Band: a majority of the wartime plant, and the case of 526 women
The majority of 1943: the documented female share of Mishawaka's industrial workforce stands at its fullest in one figure.
Mishawaka
- 1943–1987The bank item: Community State Bank
The Community State Bank of North Liberty was chartered in 1943 and merged into 1st Source Bank in 1987 — it did not fail, and it is not independent.
North Liberty
- 1943–1987The Community State Bank of North Liberty, 1943–1987: Certificate 15942
The FDIC's institution history for the Community State Bank of North Liberty (Certificate 15942, state charter, headquarters on Main Street) carries exactly two events: its establishment on 1 May 1943, and its merger — without assistance…
North Liberty
- 1943–1987The apparatus II — the seven Heisman Trophies
The seven: Angelo Bertelli, quarterback, 1943. Johnny Lujack, quarterback, 1947.
Notre Dame
- 1943–2023The radio roster: FM's two starts, the school station, and the campus air
The Tribune 's first FM grant, for 47.1 megahertz under the construction-era call sign W71SB, was held in suspension while the Federal Communications Commission investigated whether newspaper ownership of radio stations should be restricted at all; the permit was reinstated on 9 June 1941 and the station began broadcasting in May 1943.
South Bend
- 1943–2026The modern federal tail: no case
The Community State Bank traded from 1943 to 1987, and its successor branch trades still, with no robbery case in the record reached.
North Liberty
- 1944The Convent Buildings and Grounds
The Lourdes Grotto, funded by Anton Solbach, was built in 1944 and blessed within two years of the purchase; a cemetery was completed and the Stations of the Cross erected in 1944, consecrated in the same first period; a Sacred Heart statue was set on the hillside; and a temporary chapel's cornerstone was laid in April 1944.
Mishawaka
- 1944Bethel — a church's founding, and nine presidents
The church's formal approval came in 1944, and land was purchased in Mishawaka in 1946, under Q. J. Everest, Seth Rohrer, and Warren Manges.
Mishawaka
- 1944Francis L. Sampson: Notre Dame's chaplain, boundary-printed
His Distinguished Service Cross was published in War Department General Orders No. 91 of 19 December 1944, for 6–7 June 1944 at Balise Addeville, France — the regiment's first two days in France, in which the chaplain's aid work under fire is the citation's subject.
Notre Dame
- 1944–1945The war years — McKeever and Devore, 1944–1945
The interim coaches: Leahy spent 1944–45 in naval service. His assistant Edward McKeever coached the 1944 team and went 8–2, then left for Cornell.
Notre Dame
- 1944–1965Vietnam: one name — Private First Class James Noble Kalil
The man, at the record's full strength: the Virtual Wall's Indiana page carries exactly one name under OSCEOLA, and its memorial page for him reads: "James Noble Kalil / Private First Class / A CO, 1ST AMTRAC BN, 3RD MARDIV, III MAF / United States Marine Corps / Osceola, Indiana / March 25, 1944 to August 18, 1965 /…
Osceola
- 1944–2018The scholar and the labor leader
Mark L. Smith (5 June 1944 – 4 December 2015) — his Des Moines obituary: "Mark was born on June 5, 1944 in Chicago to Elsa and Don Smith.
Osceola
- 1944–todayThe culture: pulls at the fair, and no plowing contest
The Lakeville Lions Club, which took over sponsorship of the fair in 1944 and ran its food booth from that year, records in its club history, in one sentence, the start of the pulling tradition in this county: "In the 50's and 60's, we sponsored an annual tractor pull."
South Bend
- 1944–todayThe rest of the champions — soccer, lacrosse, golf
Men's golf: The NCAA team championship of 1944 stands in the record as the program's title from the war years.
South Bend
- 1945Morris Dean LaVine: a Silver Star, missing in action
The award: The Hall of Valor carries his Silver Star at synopsis strength — the citation itself is marked "(Citation Needed)" in that register, and this section prints the synopsis as a synopsis, the same discipline the South Bend file applies to its own synopsis-grade entries: "The President of the United States of…
Mishawaka
- 1945Thair W. Best: shot down on his forty-fifth mission
This pass verified it against the award record as the Hall of Valor carries it: "The President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress July 9, 1918, takes pleasure in presenting the Silver Star to First Lieutenant (Air Corps) Thair W. Best (ASN: 0-769681), United States Army Air Forces, for…
Mishawaka
- 1945Harry B. Kincaid Jr.: Osceola's man, on a Mishawaka enlistment
The extension, from open sources: the American Battle Monuments Commission's burial record for Lorraine American Cemetery at St. Avold, France — matched on the serial number 35557270, which is what carries the identification, not the surname…
Osceola
- 19451945: Epworth becomes Memorial
A new charter and a new name: In June 1945 the organization was reincorporated, and the Methodist Church ceased to play a management role in the hospital it had founded fifty-one years before.
South Bend
- 1945On the water: tested, and mostly a negative
That regatta, first run in 1945, was sanctioned by the National Outboard Association and later by the American Power Boat Association, with two heats each in the A, B, C, and F hydroplane classes.
South Bend
- 1945–1947McManus, Grant, and the Move to Playland: 1945–1947
Marty McManus, the former major-league infielder, took the club in 1945 and made the trade that stocked its middle years: from Kenosha he brought in outfielder Lib Mahon, infielder Pauline "Pinky" Pirok and pitcher Phyllis "Sugar" Koehn…
South Bend
- 1945–1951The two men the wars did not give back
Checked for this section against the agency's WWII Report for Indiana (Unaccounted For) of 11 February 2022, he stands on that list too: FELABOM, JOHN C, MOMM3C, Navy, service number 08752139, unit SNOOK, United States Naval Reserve, date of loss 5/5/1945, China Seas.
Mishawaka
- 1945–1952Lib Mahon: The Run Producer
Elizabeth "Lib" Mahon was born November 18, 1919, in Greenville, South Carolina, came to South Bend in Marty McManus's 1945 trade with Kenosha, and stayed eight seasons, becoming the best run producer the club ever had and one of the best in the league.
South Bend
- 1945–1984The Torrington works — Bantam Bearings on the west side
The tie is documented in the period trade press rather than in a modern list: from 1945 through 1961, journals from Iron Age and Aviation Week to the Paper Trade Journal and Design News carry the division's advertisements and listings under the dateline "South Bend 21, Ind." beside "Torrington, Conn.," and the…
South Bend
- 1945–2021Roger Hawkins: the heartbeat of Muscle Shoals
The tie, exactly: Roger Gail Hawkins was born October 16, 1945, in Mishawaka — the date per his New York Times obituary, the Encyclopedia of Alabama and AllMusic; one drum-magazine biography gives October 15 and one birthday compilation October 22, noted at that weight.
Mishawaka
- 1945–2026Second lives: cargo, the accident record, the small fields, and the boundary stated
Chain-O-Lakes Airport (3IN7, private use, South Bend), activated November 1945, is a grass strip. Elkhart Municipal (EKM) is the neighbouring city's public field.
Granger
- 1945–2026John Voorde: forty years an elected official
The mayor's son who started in the street department: John Joseph Voorde was born in 1945, the son of Edward F. "Babe" Voorde, the mayor whose death in a car crash on 2 September 1960 — the boy's first day of high school — is told in the Government section.
South Bend
- 1946Hannah Lindahl: the supervisor the children kept
Carol (Samuel) Eberhart Hillier — of the Eberhart family the Schools section carries — brought the idea of a children's museum to the school administration, and she and Lindahl together persuaded the School City of its value; the museum committee first met on January 30, 1946.
Mishawaka
- 1946A Museum Behind the School: The Founding, 1946
The first meeting of a museum committee was held on January 30, 1946. The museum that resulted opened in 1946 behind Emmons School at 1402 South Main Street, and was named the Hannah Lindahl Children's Museum in Lindahl's honor.
Mishawaka
- 1946The 0–0 game — Army at Yankee Stadium, 1946
The billing: November 9, 1946: No. 1 Army against No. 2 Notre Dame at Yankee Stadium, before about 74,000. It ended 0–0 — "Much Ado About Nothing-Nothing," in the headline the record kept.
Notre Dame
- 1946The Mexican and Latino west side: from the migrant stream to La Casa
As early as 1946, it documents, migrant families from the Southwest came to work the farms of South Bend's west side — two of the first families were the Lopezes and the Frank Martinezes — leaving the migrant stream so their children could finish a school year, and staying.
South Bend
- 1946The Second World War's dead · the record as the government printed it
The official accounting of this county's Second World War dead exists — in two lists, by two services, and not in any single number: The War Department's World War II Honor List of Dead and Missing Army and Army Air Forces Personnel from Indiana (1946) arranges its dead by county, name, serial number, rank and type of casualty…
South Bend
- 1946The Second World War's Army dead: the War Department's own figure is 430
So the Army side of the county's Second World War price is settled at its official figure: 430 men of St. Joseph County, of whom twenty stand on findings of death — the presumptive findings made for men who did not return and were not seen to fall — and two still stood carried as missing when the volume closed in 1946.
South Bend
- 1946South Bend Motor Speedway: built by its drivers
It opened on Friday night, 23 August 1946, before some 8,000 fans, with 25 cars on hand. Chicago's Ted Duncan, the fastest qualifier, won the 25-lap Class A feature, followed by Bob Muhlke, Frank Burany, and Gus Klingbiel.
South Bend
- 1946Charlie Van Acker: the builder who raced at Indianapolis
His first Indianapolis attempt came in 1946, too slow to make the field.
South Bend
- 1946The home drivers: the names the quarter-mile kept
Gus Klingbiel, the Wisconsin native who finished behind the leaders on opening night, closed the 1946 season as its first champion.
South Bend
- 1946–1949Cross country — co-champions of the first state meet ever held
1946: The first IHSAA boys cross country state meet, in 1946–47, drew far more runners than the association expected and was run as two races with co-champions and duplicate awards.
Mishawaka
- 1946–1949The Leahy run at full weight, 1946–1949
On Leahy's return in 1946 Notre Dame heavily recruited returning war veterans, men often much older than the freshmen beside them; at least twenty regulars from the 1943 champions came back with eligibility remaining.
Notre Dame
- 1946–1950Playoff years without a title — and the best record of 1949
The playoff line: The Blue Sox reached the league playoffs in 1946, 1947, 1948 and 1949 — and lost their first four playoff series, a fact the league record states outright before it turns to the titles.
South Bend
- 1946–1951The posts as builders: Veterans' Homes of Mishawaka, Inc.
In January 1946 the city appointed a housing coordinator, J. A. Riggs.
Mishawaka
- 1946–1951Normain Heights as built: 315 houses, seven designs
The builder was Mishawaka Vets' Homes, Inc., the nonprofit the American Legion Post 161, VFW Post 360 and URWA Local 65 committees formed and chartered in August 1946; the social record of the subdivision…
Mishawaka
- 1946–1951The home drivers' roll: the names the quarter-mile kept
From the speedway's founding and first seasons: Charlie Van Acker and Charlie Szekendy, driver-builders both; Dick Good, Ebe Yoder and Bob Newton, the early midget favourites of 1946.
Osceola
- 1946–1953Jean Faut: The Best Pitcher in the League
She came to South Bend in 1946 as a third baseman and left it in 1953 as the defining pitcher of the overhand era.
South Bend
- 1946–1958Home to the city, as a guest: the Playland Park years
The move: In 1946 the 4-H Fair moved to larger quarters at Playland Park in South Bend, in the Lakeville Lions' own summary of the years they had sponsored it in the townships.
South Bend
- 1946–1986Wheel Horse: forty years of garden tractors built in South Bend
A garage on the south side of the industry: In 1946 Elmer Pond began building two-wheel, self-propelled garden tractors — the "Walk-Away," sold under the Pond name — in his two-car garage in South Bend.
South Bend
- 1946–2020Joe Kernan: the catcher, the prisoner, the governor
Joseph E. Kernan (1946–2020): the fullest public life of the city's modern era, and the one the Government section expressly left for this page — his mayoralty (1988–97), lieutenant governorship, and governorship stand there; what belongs here is the whole man.
South Bend
- 1946–2024The home drivers' roll: the names the quarter-mile kept — the South Bend Motor Speedway roll as the record holds it, and the Granger roll the record does not
The track the drivers built: the South Bend Motor Speedway opened on Friday night, 23 August 1946, built over two years by the South Bend Auto Racing Association — Joe Kovatch and thirteen others, including the local drivers Charlie Van Acker and Charlie Szekendy.
Granger
- 1946–2024The home speedway whole: South Bend Motor Speedway — built by its drivers, its operators, its last lap
It was built by its drivers, literally: the South Bend Auto Racing Association, headed by Joe Kovatch with thirteen others including local drivers Charlie Van Acker and Charlie Szekendy, built the track over a two-year period, and it opened on Friday night, 23 August 1946.
Osceola
- 1946–2026State honors: the Sagamore test, and its honest limit
The award: the Sagamore of the Wabash is the highest honor an Indiana governor regularly bestows — created by Governor Ralph F. Gates in 1946, its first certificates going to Ohio Senator Robert A. Taft and Kentucky Governor Simeon Willis at a tri-state meeting in Cincinnati, and carrying the formula that its holder…
Granger
- 1946–2026The Legion: Post 297, named for James W. Swanson
The post's federal record dates its exemption to March 1946, and its Auxiliary's to October 1946 — the organization of the Second World War's homecoming generation, keeping the First World War dead man's name.
New Carlisle
- 1946–todayNormain Heights: the veterans' subdivision, whole
The subdivision began as a housing emergency: Mishawaka came out of the Second World War so short of housing that in January 1946 the city appointed a housing coordinator, J. A. Riggs.
Mishawaka
- 1946–todayLatino Mishawaka: the stream that worked here and settled across the river, then a community of its own
As early as 1946, migrants from the Southwest came off the migrant stream to work the farms of South Bend's west side — the Lopez and Frank Martinez families among the first…
Mishawaka
- 1946–todayRacing — the speedway line, cross-referenced
South Bend Motor Speedway, a high-banked quarter-mile paved oval on State Road 2 west of Mayflower Road, was built over two years by the South Bend Auto Racing Association — Joe Kovatch and thirteen others, local drivers Charlie Van Acker and Charlie Szekendy among them…
South Bend
- 1947Fire: from a township pumper to a territory
Granger's fire service is the Clay Fire Territory whole, and its course is the department's own: on June 11, 1947, the Clay Township trustee and advisory board announced the township would buy equipment and start its own department…
Granger
- 1947Fire and rescue: the Clay Fire Territory whole
Granger's fire service began as two township departments and is now one territory, and the course is the department's own official history, read whole: on June 11, 1947, the Clay Township trustee and his advisory board announced that the township would purchase firefighting equipment and start its own department…
Granger
- 1947Case: 5 July 1947 — the first-wave report
Eleven days after Arnold, in the nationwide rash of Independence Day weekend sightings that Alfred Loedding's history of the 1947 wave reconstructs day by day, South Bend appears in the wave's own chronicle among the cities reporting on Saturday 5 July 1947…
Granger
- 1947The 1948 wing: surgery and maternity, and two hundred beds
In 1947 the Poor Handmaids of Jesus Christ approved plans for a new wing, to the east of the 1918 structure; the cornerstone was laid in November 1947, and the building opened the following year.
Mishawaka
- 1947The Mishawaka Pilots Club: the institution that stayed
The Mishawaka Pilots Club was founded in 1947, on the club's own history, and for its first decade it was a tenant of other people's ground: the South Bend Tribune 's account of 25 November 2012 records that the club "settled on the land in 1957 after having to leave three earlier sites," that its members decided…
Mishawaka
- 1947Normain Heights: the covenant in the deeds
The building: Normain Heights was built for the city's returning veterans by one of their own organizations: Veterans' Homes of Mishawaka, Inc., founded by veterans in 1946, which bought farmland on the city's north side — annexed in 1947 — broke ground on 13 November 1947 and dedicated the subdivision in October 1948.
Mishawaka
- 1947The planning line whole: first zoning ordinance to current comprehensive plan
No. 2988, 12-15-1986)" at its head sections, and its preamble recites that the ordinance is enacted under the authority "conferred by Acts 1947, Chapter 174 of the State of Indiana" — the 1947 Indiana planning and zoning enabling act…
Mishawaka
- 1947The national frame: 1947 and the Air Force investigations
The frame: Mishawaka's one line sits inside a national record that begins, by the usual reckoning, on 24 June 1947, when private pilot Kenneth Arnold reported nine bright objects in a chain near Mount Rainier, Washington, moving, in his phrase, like a saucer skipped across water…
Mishawaka
- 1947The Blue Book ledger, at county frame
In the work behind this history's South Bend file — repeated here because the ledger is the county's, not one city's — the Air Force's published yearly indexes for every year of the project, 1947 through 1969, in both digitized copies of each, were searched for South Bend, Mishawaka, Notre Dame and the witness names…
Mishawaka
- 1947The niche-filling generation
The gap, stated plainly: The founding program stands — Raymond Weaver's fine-arts teaching runs from Bethel's opening in 1947 (his entry above).
Mishawaka
- 1947Case: 5 July 1947 — the first-wave report
The county's first entry is a press-wave report, and it is printed at exactly that size: eleven days after Arnold, in the nationwide rash of Independence Day weekend sightings that Alfred Loedding's history of the 1947 wave reconstructs day by day, South Bend appears in the wave's own chronicle among the cities…
Osceola
- 1947Eric F. Wieschaus — the Nobel laureate, born here and educated here
He was born in South Bend on June 8, 1947, and lived here until the family moved to Birmingham, Alabama, in 1953, when he was six.
South Bend
- 1947Phillip Hoose — the children's author
The tie, exactly: Hoose was born in South Bend on May 31, 1947, and grew up in the Indiana towns of South Bend, Angola, and Speedway — publisher's phrasing, and this section keeps it whole rather than trimming it into a hometown claim the record doesn't make.
South Bend
- 1947The Christ Child Society of South Bend
Founding: The Christ Child Society of South Bend was founded in August 1947 by Rosaleen "Puddy" Crowley, who invited a circle of some fifteen friends to serve poor children in their community, following her own mother's example.
South Bend
- 1947The South Bend Museum of Art — the institution
The course: The city's art museum began in 1947 as the South Bend Art Center, founded on the bequest of Carlotta Banta, a kindergarten teacher who left her life savings to found an art center for the community; its first home was the carriage house at Copshaholm, the Oliver mansion, a mile and a half from where it sits now.
South Bend
- 1947The national frame: 1947 and the Air Force investigations
The frame: South Bend's record sits inside a national one that begins, by the usual reckoning, on 24 June 1947, when private pilot Kenneth Arnold reported nine bright objects in a chain near Mount Rainier, Washington, moving, in his phrase, like a saucer skipped across water…
South Bend
- 19475 July 1947: South Bend in the first saucer wave
The record: South Bend's name enters the modern record eleven days after Kenneth Arnold's report, in the first great rush of the 1947 wave.
South Bend
- 1947The Blue Book ledger for St. Joseph County
For this section, the Air Force's published yearly indexes for every year of the project, 1947 through 1969 — in both digitized copies of each, the redacted and the unredacted, preserved from the National Archives records…
South Bend
- 1947Closing: what this record can and cannot support
The bottom line of the record: South Bend's documented UFO record, at its whole size, is this: an unnamed report in the 1897 airship wave and another in the wave of July 1947, neither with its content preserved; four cases in the Air Force's own indexes — Studebaker engineers' disc of October 1948, closed as debris in the air…
South Bend
- 1947The Irish Football Network: the network one sportscaster built
The founding year stands in two forms in the record — the Indiana Broadcast History Archive and the Indiana Football Hall of Fame give 1947; the University of Notre Dame's own athletics history of the network, published in 2008, gives 1948 — and both stand as they are given.
South Bend
- 1947Phillip Hoose — the basketball town's historian, for young readers
Phillip Hoose was born in South Bend on 31 May 1947 and grew up in South Bend, Angola and Speedway — the publisher biographies carry the three towns together, and this entry prints all three rather than trimming the list to the one city.
South Bend
- 1947The Tony record: an empty line
The test: The Tony Awards, Broadway's honors since 1947, give this city no name. No performer born in South Bend, raised here, or formed here stands on the Tony record as a nominee or a winner; the line is printed empty at its true size.
South Bend
- 1947Martin's Super Markets: the chain born on Portage Avenue
Martin and Jane Tarnow opened their grocery on September 15, 1947, in the 1500 block of Portage Avenue, with $200 in cash — the founding facts as Martin Tarnow's obituary in the South Bend Tribune (August 18, 1998) states them.
South Bend
- 1947The memorial the town did raise: the Mothers of World War II stone, 1947
Below: "Erected 1947 by Mothers of World War II, Walkerton Unit 140." Two things about it are the record's own.
Walkerton
- 1947Case: the Walkerton housewives, July 1947 — the town's one saucer-era report, and it is press, not file
The carrier is the history built on Alfred Loedding, the Wright Field engineer who worked the 1947 reports, Alfred Loedding and the Great Flying Saucer Wave of 1947 , which narrates the wave day by day.
Walkerton
- 1947–1949Jordan: the Nash salesman on Jefferson Boulevard
The house's own history says its Ford store has been in the same location, 609 East Jefferson Boulevard, since 1947, on the corner of Jefferson and Cedar, where it counts sixty-five years and more.
South Bend
- 1947–1950The 1947 Inventory and the Postwar Barns
Lead: The fullest surviving picture of the mid-century zoo is the animal report of 1947, carried in the zoo's earlier published history, and it is printed here at the size the zoo published it…
South Bend
- 1947–1958The postwar frame: 1947, 1954, and 1958 at one remove
From 1947 the city tables drop value of products for places, and report all employees alongside production workers, with value added carrying the story.
Mishawaka
- 1947–1969The national frame: 1947 and the Air Force investigations, stated once
The file system every local case below is checked against: in the summer of 1947, beginning with Kenneth Arnold's sighting of 24 June 1947 over the Cascades, the United States received its first great wave of “flying saucer” reports, and the Air Force answered with a standing investigation in three successive forms…
Granger
- 1947–1969The Blue Book ledger for the county, compiled whole and split by ground
The county's official file, every case the open official indexes name: (1) 5 July 1947, South Bend — press-wave report in the 1947 chronology; no case file, no disposition.
Granger
- 1947–1969The national frame: 1947 and the Air Force files
The modern era of reports opens in the summer of 1947; the Air Force investigated under successive projects — Sign (1948), Grudge (1949) and Blue Book (1952–1969) — headquartered at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, filing each report as a case with a disposition: identified, insufficient data, or unknown.
North Liberty
- 1947–1969The national frame: 1947 and the Air Force investigations, stated once
The file system every local case below is checked against: in the summer of 1947, beginning with Kenneth Arnold's sighting of 24 June 1947 over the Cascades, the United States received its first great wave of “flying saucer” reports — over 800 reports made publicly in five weeks, by the wave's own chronicle…
Osceola
- 1947–1969The Blue Book ledger for the county, compiled whole and split by ground
The county's official file, every case the open official indexes name: (1) 5 July 1947, South Bend — press-wave report in the 1947 chronology; no case file, no disposition.
Osceola
- 1947–1969The national frame: 1947, and the Air Force file system every local case is checked against
On June 24, 1947, the private pilot Kenneth Arnold saw nine objects over Mount Rainier, Washington, moving at an estimated 1,700 miles per hour, and told reporters they flew "like saucers skipping on water"; the newspapers shortened it to "flying saucers," and hundreds of reports followed within weeks.
Walkerton
- 1947–1969The Blue Book ledger for St. Joseph County, compiled whole — and Walkerton's share, stated exactly
No case file, no index entry, no control sheet seats in the town or the township in any source read for this build — not in the 1952 Master Index read whole, not on the official Unknown list read whole, not in the Archives' sanitized file index for 1947–48 read whole.
Walkerton
- 1947–1986The founding academic artist: Raymond Weaver, professor of music and fine arts, 1947–1986
The test, and what it found: Bethel is the city's college, opened on 15 September 1947, and the founding-artist pattern was tested against Bethel's own record — its university magazine, its student newspaper the Beacon, its catalogues, and the obituary record of the founding families.
Mishawaka
- 1947–2021Children's, young-reader, nature, and field-guide writing
Phillip Hoose was born in South Bend on 31 May 1947 and grew up between South Bend, Angola, and Speedway. His Claudette Colvin: Twice Toward Justice (2009) won the National Book Award for Young People's Literature; We Were There, Too!
Osceola
- 1947–2026The famous-name test: one documented concert, and the claims checked
Beyond the school, the county's documented famous performances are the cities' and are stated as such: the Palace Theatre in South Bend (today's Morris) hosted, in its own centennial record, Will Rogers, George Burns and Gracie Allen, a young Frank Sinatra (1947), and Louis Armstrong (1953).
Granger
- 1947–2026The museum in the carriage house: art, 1947
The founding: The South Bend Museum of Art was founded in 1947 as the South Bend Art Center, and its founding joins the two threads that run through this section.
South Bend
- 1947–todayThe grocery succession: Martin's, twice seated, under three owners
Granger has exactly one supermarket banner in its entire record, and it has had it under three successive owners: Martin's Super Markets was founded in 1947 in South Bend by Martin and Jane Tarnow, in a first store of 800 square feet, and grew family-owned across Michiana for seventy-one years.
Granger
- 1947–todayThe airfield test: the Mishawaka Pilots Club, and no airport in the city
Positive: Mishawaka has had its own flying institution since 1947, the Mishawaka Pilots Club, founded that year on the club's own history.
Mishawaka
- 1947–todayBethel University: the Missionary Church's school, 1947 to the university
Bethel College began classes in the fall of 1947 with a first class the college's own history gives as ninety-three students; secondary accounts give ninety-four.
Mishawaka
- 1947–todayBethel University's Bowen Library
The university opened in the fall of 1947, and its first permanent building — the Administration Building, completed in 1952 on the university's own catalog account and later renamed for Jasper Huffman…
Mishawaka
- 1947–todayThe locally born supermarket chain: Martin's Super Markets, born on Portage Avenue in 1947
Martin's Super Markets was founded in South Bend in 1947 by Martin and Jane Tarnow: on 15 September 1947 the Tarnows opened a neighbourhood "mom and pop" grocery in the 1500 block of Portage Avenue with $200 in cash (Martin Lewis Tarnow Jr.'s obituary, South Bend Tribune, August 1998…
Osceola
- 1947–todayAcross the Line: Marian and Bethel, Mishawaka's Schools
It was founded in Mishawaka, not moved there: the church approved its liberal-arts college in 1944, bought the Mishawaka land in 1946, and opened Bethel College in the fall of 1947 with ninety-four students, under a first president, Woodrow I. Goodman, who at twenty-seven was the youngest college president in the United States.
South Bend
- 1947–todayThe honest thin spots: a teacher's life savings, and the institutions no patron built
The South Bend Art Center opened on her bequest in 1947. The amount of a kindergarten teacher's life savings is not published in the museum's own account, and none is printed here; the Morris Indiana Room gift of the following year, told in the Morris entry, was the young institution's second benefaction.
South Bend
- 1947–todayThe South Bend Museum of Art: a schoolteacher's bequest
Her bequest founded the South Bend Art Center in 1947, housed first in the carriage house at Copshaholm, the Oliver mansion.
South Bend
- 1948Michael A. Dvorak: the prosecutor who lived in Granger for decades — and whose son's seat is South Bend's
The course: Michael A. Dvorak, born in South Bend on 24 October 1948, sat in the Indiana House of Representatives for the 8th district from 1986 to 2002, then left the legislature to run for St. Joseph County Prosecutor, defeated the incumbent in 2002, and held the prosecutor's office from January 2003 to January 2015.
Granger
- 1948Case: 13 October 1948 — the disc over the Studebaker works
The case is a Project Sign case, and the modern study of the Sign files printed in the NICAP Loedding volume ranks it pointedly: a much better sighting, that study argues, than the famous Gorman dogfight of 1 October 1948 that has overshadowed it…
Granger
- 1948Case: 13 October 1948 — the disc over the Studebaker works
The case is a Project Sign case, and the modern study of the Sign files ranks it pointedly: a much better sighting, that study argues, than the famous Gorman dogfight of 1 October 1948 that has overshadowed it.
Osceola
- 1948St. Jude Parish
Monsignor William Voors of St. Matthew gained Bishop Leo Pursley’s permission in June 1948 to prepare a new parish.
South Bend
- 1948Whistle-stops, airport crowds, and rally nights
The printed trail begins with the whistle-stop era's last great practitioner: on October 26, 1948, President Harry Truman's campaign train stopped in South Bend, and the Truman Library's photograph of the rear-platform stop (accession 64-836) names the Indiana men standing with him — Frank McKinney, Frank M. McHale, and John E. Hurt.
South Bend
- 194813 October 1948: the disc over the Studebaker works
The disposition, in the record's three voices: The Air Force's own index for 1948 closes the case in a line: "South Bend, Indiana — Brooke, Thompson — Other (DEBRIS IN AIR)."
South Bend
- 1948Two rinks in the 1948 directory
The national Directory of Roller Skating Rinks for 1948 lists exactly two rinks for South Bend, and this article claims those two listings and no more: the Playland Roller Rink at 1741 Lincolnway East, out by the amusement park whose name it carried, and Bock's Rink at 226 S. Lafayette Blvd., downtown.
South Bend
- 1948The town team: the Walkerton Lions and the House of David, 1948
this section's centerpiece is a Thursday-night game in the high school gym, told by the town's paper: the Walkerton Independent of 4 March 1948, page 4, reports the Walkerton Lions — the town's independent basketball team — beaten 77–46 by Studebaker Local No. 5, the South Bend factory union's team, in the Walkerton high school gym.
Walkerton
- 1948Case: the disc over the Studebaker works, October 13, 1948
On Wednesday, October 13, 1948 — twelve days after the Gorman dogfight over Fargo made the national wires — two office workers of the Studebaker Corporation in South Bend stood at a window on a clear, cloudless day and watched, at 11:45 a.m.
Walkerton
- 1948–1949The Overhand Era and the Tie That Was Not a Pennant: 1948–1949
Overhand pitching arrived in 1948, and with it the modern shape of the club: a bigger ballpark game played by a smaller professional core.
South Bend
- 1948–1959Walton and Doyle: the long Democratic hold
What the sources read do not settle is Walton's elections: whether he first won the office in November 1947 — which De Kever's sixteen-year Democratic hold, running from January 1948, would make him — or not until November 1951, with another Democrat in the chair for the first of those terms.
Mishawaka
- 1948–1966Hamilton: the Canadian epilogue, 1948–1966
On 18 August 1948, before more than 400 employees and a battery of reporters, the first Hamilton car, a blue Champion four-door sedan, rolled off the line.
South Bend
- 1948–1988Drive-Ins: the County's Screens
The South Bend Auto Theatre , on Route 2 at the city's west edge (4903 West Western Avenue), was operating by May 27, 1948, capacity 650 cars, raised to 850 in 1950 and listed at 650 again by 1952, and closed in 1959.
Granger
- 1948–1988The Drive-Ins
It was operating by May 27, 1948, with The Red Stallion on the screen, capacity 650 cars under operator A. Ochs; the capacity was raised to 850 in 1950 and listed at 650 again by 1952, under G. Benner (the record also spells Brenner) and then Benner and S. B. Greiver jointly, until it closed in 1959.
South Bend
- 1948–2003The O'Brien Corporation After 1983
The company had taken its modern name in 1948, becoming the O'Brien Corporation. In 1967 it combined with the W. P. Fuller Company of the West Coast, and the Fuller-O'Brien Corporation came into being — the South Bend paint house inside a national paint combination, its marks and lines carried under the Fuller-O'Brien name.
South Bend
- 1948–2012The modern-founding set — firms founded in living memory that outgrew the city
Cressy Commercial Real Estate (founded 1948) — at regional size, honestly. Founders: George Cressy Sr. and Ed Everett Jr., who founded the firm in 1948 as a local residential real-estate company in Mishawaka, on the company's own 75th-anniversary account.
Mishawaka
- 1948–2024The Morris–Raclin line: three generations of giving
It opens in March 1948, when Mr. and Mrs. E. M. Morris — Ernest M. and Ella L. Morris — sponsored the Indiana Room at the young South Bend Art Center, a gallery reserved for Hoosier artists, and donated the collection's first six artworks, in their words, to encourage the art and artists of Indiana.
South Bend
- 1948–2026The touring record: what the road brought to this ground's rooms
What the road looked like at township size stands in that collection's own pages: The Township News of October 21, 1948, carries the Granger section's autumn — the PTA's Halloween party for the school children, with its grand march and entertainments, in the schoolhouse, at PTA expense, the Camp Fire Girls' paper drive beside it.
Granger
- 1948–2026The hospitals that serve Walkerton — all of them in other towns; and the hospital test, stated whole
Southeast stands the Community Hospital of Bremen , 1020 High Rd, Bremen, IN 46506, a 24-bed critical access hospital: founded in 1948 — a March 2006 dedication account names Dr. Otis Bowen, the future governor, among its founding physicians…
Walkerton
- 1949The first postwar canvass: the field counted, and this ground still at zero
Run at that pattern against the two townships, the 1949 canvass returns the same figure as the 1921 canvass, and the figure is the finding: no automobile seller is listed on Granger ground in the first postwar directory generation reached .
Granger
- 19491930 to 1949
< Bros Coal Co — < Bros Coal Co (banked 1949; directories: 1949) Accessories Antomobile — Antomobile Accessories and Parts—Retail Bear Cat Stores — Auctioneers (banked 1949; directories: 1949) Adolf ^ — ^ Adolf (banked 1949; directories: 1949) Albert M Rose — Rose Albert M (banked 1949; directories: 1949) Albert V Hayes…
Mishawaka
- 1949The succession: Sportsman's Airport, Day Road, 1949
The dedication: In September 1949 a flying field on Day Road, on the city's far east side, was dedicated as the "new Mishawaka airport" — the Tribune 's phrase of 25 September 1949, a Sunday, and independently corroborated by a record of a different kind: the Aerodacious catalog of airport dedication covers lists…
Mishawaka
- 1949Madison Center: the county's center, across the river, and its end
For sixty years Mishawaka's public psychiatry was a South Bend corporation: Madison Center, founded in 1949 and seated from 1977 at 403 East Madison Street in South Bend, was the state-designated community mental health center for St. Joseph County, and Mishawaka stood inside its charge the whole of that time…
Mishawaka
- 1949The 1949 field: eight sellers in the first postwar canvass
The census: The 1949 canvass is the first that shows Mishawaka's trade at full postwar size, and its classified section lists eight automobile sellers.
Mishawaka
- 1949The Jordan house: from Ramblers to a group, on one Jefferson Boulevard corner
The founder: Jordan H. Kapson, born in 1926, started in the car business in 1946 selling Nash Ramblers, by the trade press's memorial account of him, and founded his own house in 1949, by the industry report of its sale — the year the 1949 canvass first lists a dealer corporation at 609 East Jefferson Boulevard.
Mishawaka
- 1949Miller & Anderson, and D. L. Miller after: the Chrysler point's thin trail
The firm: The 1949 canvass lists Miller & Anderson — D. L. Miller and D. C. Anderson — at 2102 Lincoln Way West, selling Chrysler and Plymouth cars and Reo trucks: the city's Chrysler point, and the only truck franchise of the postwar field that the classified list names besides the car lines.
Mishawaka
- 1949The Mercury point: Dillon-Fry, Paul Dillon, and Nye-Fulton at 201 South Main
The Dillon course: The Dillon name enters the Mishawaka record in the 1949 canvass as Dillon-Fry Motors Inc, selling from Lincoln Way West with a service-led advertisement and a second store at 520 South Main in South Bend.
Mishawaka
- 1949The companion points of 1956: Buick, Oldsmobile and Pontiac downtown — and gone by 1963
Grady Motor Co Inc, at 115 West 4th, holds Buick by 1956: F. C. Yeager president-treasurer, M. L. Yeager — the Martin L. Yeager who had managed the store in 1949 — vice-president, and M. R. Mullin secretary; a Yeager family house.
Mishawaka
- 1949The second tier: the used-car trade and the small names
City Auto Sales, Charles W. Hamann's used-only house at 1609 Lincoln Way East in 1949, stands at 224 South Main in 1956, back downtown: a seven-year course for a one-line listing.
Mishawaka
- 1949Desegregation: The State Act, and a Tested None for This Corporation
The turn came in 1949, when Indiana's desegregation law — House Bill 242 — provided for "equal, non-segregated, non-discriminatory educational opportunities and facilities for all," and desegregation proceeded on a phased basis, a grade at a time; the United States Supreme Court's decision in Brown v.
New Carlisle
- 1949The corn-and-livestock order
Corn for all purposes stood on 60,563 acres in 1954 (52,176 in 1949), on 1,592 farms; harvested for grain it made 57,835 acres and 3,610,820 bushels, of which 1,088 farms sold 2,150,103 bushels — the rest walked off the farm as pork, beef, and milk.
South Bend
- 1949The nursery and greenhouse line
The one specialty that never left: Every other specialty in this record — wheat, cream, orchard fruit, even mint at its 1949 size — contracted.
South Bend
- 1949The terminal line: 1949, 1981, and the present concourse
Three buildings, one address: The airport's first real terminal was a 1949 building designed for 25,000 passengers a year; by the end of its life it was accommodating about 400,000.
South Bend
- 1949Wooded Estates and the postwar east side
The east side's postwar suburb survives in the assessor's record rather than the plat literature: Wooded Estates, in the 46617 ground east of the Sunnymede additions — Corby Boulevard, White Oak Drive and Oak Ridge Drive among its streets…
South Bend
- 1949St. Anthony de Padua Parish
The parish: St. Anthony de Padua has served the east side of South Bend from its grounds at the intersection of Ironwood Drive and Jefferson Boulevard since 1949.
South Bend
- 1949Black doctors and nurses · practice inside segregated hospitals
Dr. Bernard Vagner , the city's first Black surgeon , opened his Washington Street practice in 1949 in offices shared with Dr. Mott and Dr. Foreman; a surgeon needs referrals, and his came from his own family practice — "all the surgery I got came from my practice."
South Bend
- 1949Madison Center and the making of the Memorial Epworth Center: 1949–2011
Madison Center, founded in 1949 on its own statement, was a nonprofit provider of mental health and substance abuse services for St. Joseph, Elkhart, LaPorte, Marshall, and Porter counties, and for decades the state-designated Community Mental Health Center for St. Joseph County…
South Bend
- 1949Madison Center: the community mental health center
The city's own psychiatric institution was a nonprofit: Madison Center's founding year is its own statement, repeated in its announcements to the end: founded in 1949.
South Bend
- 1949The camera club and the pictorialist: Paul B. Miller's seven salons
One caption therefore establishes three things at once: that the South Bend Camera Club existed and was active in 1949; that a South Bend pictorialist held membership in the national and the English royal photographic societies; and that his work had passed the juries of seven salons…
South Bend
- 1949–1962The Postwar Ring — Holy Family, St. Jude, St. John the Baptist, Corpus Christi, Our Lady of Hungary, St. Anthony
St. Anthony de Padua School: St. Anthony’s parish began in 1949 on the east side, at Ironwood Drive and Jefferson Boulevard, and worshipped first in its own small school building, whose community room served as the worship space until the church was built in 1960 — the parish’s own account, carried in Religion.
South Bend
- 1949–1968Dyngus Day: the holiday that endorses candidates
Its first mention in South Bend's English-language newspapers comes in April 1949, children going door to door carrying spring twigs.
South Bend
- 1949–1971Dean Bolerjack: the chief who became sheriff
The chief of three directories: The Mishawaka government page of the 1949 directory names the chief of police: Howard Dean Bolerjack , headquarters at City Hall, with Edw.
Mishawaka
- 1949–1971Wheel Horse in the directories, 1949–1971 — the cross-reference the Tractors record owed
1949 — the trade is one repairer: The company's own history is carried whole in the Tractors record of this build — Pond's powered wheelbarrow of 1946, the Ride-Away tractor of 1947, the move to 515 West Ireland Road, the snowmobiles, and Toro's purchase in August 1986 — and is not retold here.
South Bend
- 1949–1987The managers: the roster as the directories give it
Paul Butler and John Shively, managers, 1949. The directory of 1949 names two men as the bureau's managers — "Paul Butler and John Shively mgrs."
South Bend
- 1949–1992The road to a building: Rutgers, the unbuilt years, and Kings Mills
The site had been chosen in 1949: Rutgers University at New Brunswick, New Jersey, picked by a vote of sportswriters, coaches and athletic leaders because Rutgers and Princeton had played the first intercollegiate game there on November 6, 1869.
South Bend
- 1949–2010The designated centre founded whole: Madison Center
Madison Center was founded in 1949 — the date stands in the organisation's own boilerplate, printed in its final designation release — as a nonprofit provider in South Bend, and it grew into the institution the county's modern system was built around: "Indiana's largest community mental health agency," as the…
Granger
- 1949–2010The county centre founded: Madison Center, 1949
The community mental health centre that served this town for six decades was founded in 1949 and sat in South Bend.
North Liberty
- 1949–2010The community mental health centre founded whole: Madison Center
Madison Center — founded 1949, a nonprofit providing comprehensive mental-health and substance-abuse services — was this county's community mental health centre: its own designation-era description gives its catchment as St. Joseph, Elkhart, LaPorte, Marshall and Porter counties, staffed by board-certified…
Osceola
- 1949–2020Urban renewal · 606 families, and the lake that became a Superfund site
What was called renewal, counted by the renewed: The federal Housing Act of 1949 made South Bend eligible for urban-renewal money, and the Commission's accounting of what it bought is the section's hardest number: by the late 1960s an estimated 606 South Bend families had been displaced by urban renewal projects…
South Bend
- 1949–2025Ground growth priced; the authority
The terminal line: the 1949 terminal was built for 25,000 passengers a year and handled some 400,000; the present terminal was built in 1981 (HOK and Cole Associates) and expanded in 2011, with additions in 1986 and 1994 bringing the complex to roughly 155,000 square feet in authority-side accounts.
Osceola
- 1949–2026The drive-in test, printed
At pointer size, as the checklist directs where the screen was never in the place: St. Joseph County has no operating drive-in in November 2026, and the South Bend Tribune 's current guide sends this ground's families out of the county for the form…
Granger
- 1949–2026The seats in succession: five downtown rooms and the Ireland Road branch
530 South Michigan Street — the directory of 1949. The Polk directory of 1949, in its State Offices list, prints the "Automobile License Bureau" at 530 S. Michigan, under two managers, Paul Butler and John Shively — the first seat and the first holders this record reaches.
South Bend
- 1949–todayPenn Township and the county desks: the servants across the line
The classified pages of 1949 give the office a Lincolnway address and a man: "Penn Township Poor Relief, E. F. Aldrich, Trustee, 221 Lincolnway W," and the alphabetical pages give him whole: Earl P. Aldrich , township trustee, office at 221½ Lincolnway West, with the township assessor…
Mishawaka
- 1949–todayWelsheimer Funeral Home — 521 North William, across three directories
The roster itself carries it from the 1949 Polk alphabetical — the Wm Welsheimer Funeral Home, with A. C. In 1956 the classified reads "Welsheimer Funeral Home, 521 N William."
South Bend