St. Joseph County, Indiana · 19th century
1820s
64 dated events in 1820s, in order. Part of the full timeline.
19th century 64 dated mentions
1820s
- 1820The fur traders: Navarre, Coquillard, Taylor
The town grew out of the fur trade, and kept its shape: The first permanent settler at the bend was Pierre Frieschutz Navarre, an educated Frenchman who arrived in 1820 as an agent of John Jacob Astor's American Fur Company and built his cabin and trading post on the river near what is now downtown…
South Bend
- 1820The French of the trading town
The town's first settler community was French: Pierre Frieschutz Navarre, who established his post at the bend in 1820, and Alexis Coquillard, who built the trading house, the mill race ambitions and the town plat itself, headed a French and French-Canadian trading community…
South Bend
- 1820–1865The traders: the men the town grew on
An educated French-Canadian in the service of John Jacob Astor's American Fur Company, Navarre came up the St. Joseph River in 1820 and established the first trading post at the south bend of the river, on land that was still, in law and in fact, Potawatomi land — the county record's "1820…
South Bend
- 1820–1966The Brothers on This Ground Before the College
The teaching brotherhood behind it began in France in 1820, when the parish priest Jacques-François Dujarié gathered young men at Ruillé-sur-Loir to teach in parish schools that had no teachers; they were called the Brothers of Saint Joseph.
Notre Dame
- 1820–1975The township's own law: the justice of the peace and the constable
Indiana's justices date to 1820 — constitutional officers, elected by each township, laymen as often as lawyers — and their courts were built for exactly the ground this section covers: countywide jurisdiction over petty crimes, small civil claims, and marriages, close enough to reach on foot and cheap enough to use without counsel.
Granger
- 1820–todayThe Pioneer Stock — the Navarre Cabin and What Survives of the First City
Pierre Freischutz Navarre, an agent of John Jacob Astor's American Fur Company who came from Monroe, Michigan, built his cabin and trading post in 1820 on the north bank of the St. Joseph River, at what is now 123 West North Shore Drive, sited for the river, the Kankakee and the portage between them.
South Bend
- 1821The calls check — the one joint the text leaves open
The western limb is the joint: the 1821 polygon's western side in this longitude band is its first call, a segment "running thence south" from "a point on the south bank of the river St. Joseph of Lake Michigan, near the Parc aux Vaches, due north from Rum's Village" — and the treaty gives that point no longitude, bearing or monument.
Indian Village
- 1821The reserve test on this ground
The 1821 treaty's own Article 2 reserves five village tracts from the cession — at Mang-ach-qua Village, at Mick-ke-saw-be, at the village of Na-to-wa-se-pe, at the village of Prairie Ronde, and at Match-e-be-nash-she-wish at the head of the Kalamazoo River — and the text locates every one by a Michigan place-name…
Indian Village
- 1821The cessions, instrument by instrument; the chiefs' deaths; and the removal
The Treaty of Chicago, 29 August 1821, ceded some five million acres of Michigan country and left Indiana's St. Joseph valley in Potawatomi title.
Mishawaka
- 1821The county asylum: Mishawaka's share
Care of the mind began as poor relief, and the relief was the county's: Indiana's act of 1821 that provided for houses for the employment of the poor opened the county asylums to the insane as well, and St. Joseph County's asylum stood, in every one of its forms, on the far side of the river: the rented houses in…
Mishawaka
- 18211821: the Treaty of Chicago does not reach this ground
The town lies west of the 1821 cession's western boundary, though north of its southern one.
New Carlisle
- 1821The other instruments, each tested
The Treaty of Chicago, 29 August 1821 (7 Stat. 218, Royce Area 117), ceded the country between the 1817 line and the meridian of Parc aux Vaches on the St. Joseph — the townsite stands south of the 1817 line and west of that meridian, outside the tract on both of its limbs.
North Liberty
- 1821The calls check — the one joint the text leaves open
The western limb is the joint: the 1821 polygon's western side in this longitude band is its first call, a segment "running thence south" from "a point on the south bank of the river St. Joseph of Lake Michigan, near the Parc aux Vaches, due north from Rum's Village" — and the treaty gives that point no longitude, bearing or monument.
Roseland
- 1821The reserve test on this ground
The 1821 treaty's own Article 2 reserves five village tracts from the cession — Mang-ach-qua, Mick-ke-saw-be, Na-to-wa-se-pe, Prairie Ronde, and Match-e-be-nash-she-wish at the head of the Kalamazoo — and all five are Michigan tracts ; none touches Indiana.
Roseland
- 1821The county asylum: the poorhouse and its insane charges
The act of 1821 that provided for houses for the employment of the poor opened the county asylums to the insane as well — the county's own historical timeline of its county home states it in so many words — and in St. Joseph County the commissioners began, in 1831, by renting houses in South Bend for the destitute.
South Bend
- 1821–1833The nations, tested one by one against this ground
The Chippewa and Ottawa: parties with the Potawatomi to the Treaty of Chicago of 1821, whose cession ran between the 1817 line and the Parc aux Vaches meridian — north and east of here — and took nothing on this ground.
North Liberty
- 1821–1836The nation-by-nation test completed: Ottawa, Chippewa, and the Potawatomi chiefs of this valley
The Ottawa test: the Ottawa appear on this county's paper in the Treaty of Chicago of 1821, a joint instrument with the Chippewa and Potawatomi, and in Howard's quoted valley summary — the Potawatomi "with their cousins, the Ottawas and the Chippewas, once possessed and occupied this vast territory."
Lakeville
- 1821–2026Commitment as law: who could commit, to where, and how it changed
The law's first answer was the poorhouse itself: the 1821 act that created county poor asylums opened them to the insane, and the county superintendent was charged in 1848 to be a person of medical knowledge who would "care for the sick, infirm and insane."
Granger
- 1821–2026Tested nation by nation
Chippewa / Ottawa (Ojibwe / Odawa): NEGATIVE for this ground — parties with the Potawatomi to the 1821 Treaty of Chicago, whose cession missed this ground on both limbs; no cession, reserve, village, or use statement for Liberty Township in any reached carrier.
North Liberty
- 1822The French century upriver: Fort St. Joseph and the missions
Isaac McCoy, a Baptist missionary, founded Carey Mission in 1822 on the river near the old fort — a school and mission to the valley's Potawatomi, Michigan ground again, printed here because the treaty that ceded the Indiana valley was negotiated at "the Missionary Establishments upon the St. Joseph" six years later.
South Bend
- 1822Rum Village: the name that outlived the village
Rum Village is the oldest named neighborhood ground in the city, and the only one whose name is a chief's: the Potawatomi village of Chief Torum — "Rum," in the rendering the record carries — stood on the ground southwest of the present downtown, north of West Ewing Avenue and west of South Main Street…
South Bend
- 1822–1835The mission ground: Carey Mission, the Sauk Trail corridor, and a township named Olive
The Baptist missionary Isaac McCoy established the Carey Mission among the Potawatomi on the St. Joseph River near present Niles, Michigan, in December 1822; its school opened 27 January 1823 with thirty pupils, and the mission — named for the English Baptist missionary William Carey…
New Carlisle
- 1822–todayRum Village: The Drink That Never Named It
The paper trail runs early: the missionary Isaac McCoy conversed with the village's people in the spring of 1822; the Keating expedition of 1824 saw Torum's village and its cornfields…
South Bend
- 1823–1831Alexis Coquillard: the last of the traders
The accounts divide on the season of his settling, and the file prints the division: The Story of South Bend (1920) has him come to the post in 1823, aged twenty-eight, and buy out the business Navarre had established the following year…
South Bend
- 1823–1880T. J. Garoutte: merchant, trustee, legislator
T. J. Garoutte was born in Ohio 19 December 1823, son of James S. and Mary (Babington) Garoutte; the family came to Indiana in 1830 and to this county in 1831, the year of his mother's death on the Rolling Prairie road, told above.
New Carlisle
- 1823–1885Schuyler Colfax: the city's vice president
Schuyler Colfax (1823–1885): South Bend's highest-reaching son, and the fullest political life this section holds.
South Bend
- 1823–1885Schuyler Colfax — Speaker of the House, Vice President of the United States
He was born in New York City on March 23, 1823. His family moved west to New Carlisle, Indiana, in 1836, when he was thirteen, and in 1841 he moved to South Bend, where his stepfather, George W. Matthews, had become auditor of St. Joseph County and took the young man on as his deputy — a post Colfax held for some eight years.
South Bend
- 1823–1987The Olivers: the plow, the presidency, and Copshaholm
James Oliver (1823–1908): the inventor. Born on 28 August 1823 at Newcastleton, Scotland, Oliver came to America in 1835, and in May 1855 bought a quarter interest in a South Bend foundry.
South Bend
- 1824Michael Smith: the German child of 1826 who ended with 380 acres and a Granger post office
The tie, exactly: settler — born in Germany on 24 August 1824, a son of Frederick and Elizabeth Smith, whose family crossed in 1826 and wandered the era's immigrant road — New York, Buffalo, Canada, Stark County, Ohio — before Michael came to this county in 1842 and built a 380-acre stock farm on Section 17.
Granger
- 1824–1887Mother Angela Gillespie, the Virtual Foundress
She was born Eliza Maria Gillespie in 1824 at Brownsville, Pennsylvania. On 17 April 1853, at Bertrand, she received the habit from Father Sorin as Sister Mary of St. Angela.
Notre Dame
- 1825Christian Schneck: out of Germany in 1853, six years in Berrien County, then Section 9
The tie, exactly: settler of the late wave — born in Germany on 10 July 1825, a son of Adam and Margaret Schneck; left Germany in 1853; spent six years from 1854 in Berrien County, Michigan, and then came to this township, where his farm was ninety-three acres on Section 9.
Granger
- 1826The state as landowner: the road grant, the school section, the swamp lands
By the second article of the 1826 treaty the Potawatomi granted a strip one hundred feet wide for a road from Lake Michigan to the Wabash, "and also a quantity of good land, contiguous to the said road, equal to one section for each mile of the said road," with the like quantity for the road's continuation toward the…
Granger
- 1826The road, the river road that never came, and the railroad: the transport beats
The Michigan Road — Madison on the Ohio to Michigan City on the lake, through Indianapolis — was granted by the Potawatomi treaty of 16 October 1826, surveyed in rival routes, and fixed on 13 January 1830 by the route through South Bend, four miles below this ground: the great thoroughfare of northern Indiana ran past…
Mishawaka
- 1826Starting title: the Potawatomi Tribe as landowner
Every instrument plotted below is therefore tested as a cession by that entity, and the Commission's own area-by-area attributions are carried beside the plot test: as the articles show, the Commission's mapping agrees with the treaty calls — the strip above the 1817 line at this longitude is an 1826 taking.
New Carlisle
- 18261826: the treaty that took the townsite
The townsite was taken by the second tract of the first article of the Treaty of 16 October 1826. The treaty, made near the mouth of the Mississinewa, cedes two tracts.
New Carlisle
- 1826Reserves, tested at tract level
The 1826 scholar quarter-sections lay on the St. Joseph by Carey Mission, as the article above states. The nearest named reserve in the county's wider record, the reserve of Menominee's band at the Twin Lakes, stands southeast of here in present Marshall County and does not reach Liberty Township.
North Liberty
- 1826–1830The Michigan Road: the treaty strip and the survey
The road was bought with land before it was built with money: The Michigan Road — the state road from Madison on the Ohio River to Michigan City on Lake Michigan, by way of Indianapolis and South Bend…
South Bend
- 1826–1832The treaty strip and the survey: a hundred feet wide, a section a mile
By Article 3 of the treaty of 16 October 1826 — the same instrument family whose cessions the land build plots — the Potawatomi ceded, in the text as the Marshall County history prints it verbatim: "a strip of land commencing at Lake Michigan and running thence to the Wabash river, 100 feet wide, for a road, and also…
Lakeville
- 1826–1833The founding road whole — and the Michigan Road, tested and failed on this ground
The Michigan Road test, run first and printed whole: the Michigan Road was conceived in the 1826 Treaty of Mississinewa, by which the Potawatomi and Miami ceded the strip for a road from the Ohio River to Lake Michigan…
Osceola
- 1826–1833The taking, instrument by instrument: 1826, 1828, 1832, 1833
1826 — what Mississinewa did and did not take: The treaty line for this ground opens at the mouth of the Mississinewa on 16 October 1826 (7 Stat.
South Bend
- 1826–1834The founding road: the treaty strip and the survey
Article Two of the treaty with the Potawatomi of 16 October 1826 — the same instrument whose schedule of grants put the townsite's quarter-section in Lazarus Bourissa's hands, dug whole in this build's land section…
New Carlisle
- 1826–1835Lazarus Bourissa and the treaty-grant families
The schedule attached to the Treaty of 1826 (7 Stat.
New Carlisle
- 1826–1835The founders, on both sides of the ground
On the Indigenous side the founding is a treaty paper: the schedule attached to the Treaty of 16 October 1826 (7 Stat.
New Carlisle
- 1826–1835The treaty-era fortune: the grants totalled, the cash stated at its record
The Treaty of 16 October 1826 (7 Stat.
New Carlisle
- 1826–1835The reserves on this ground: the Carey Mission scholar quarter-sections
The sixth article of the Treaty of 1826 and the schedule of grants annexed to it (the schedule text at 7 Stat.
New Carlisle
- 1826–1838Reserves and the band that stayed
The tract-level reserve tests are printed whole in the land section: the 1828 treaty's anchor reservations stand in the Elkhart and Wabash country; its individual grants could by its own terms be located only inside the 1828 tract, east of the meridian this ground lies west of…
North Liberty
- 1826–1848The reserves around, none on, this ground
The 1826 scholar quarter-sections at Carey Mission lay on the St. Joseph at Niles, Michigan, about 22 miles north-northeast — across the state line and a full township-tier set north; no scholar grant is placed in or near Liberty Township in any carrier reached.
North Liberty
- 1826–1966The Studebakers: five brothers, a dead president, and the two who saved it
Henry Studebaker (1826–1895) and Clement Studebaker (1831–1901) opened the blacksmith shop at Michigan and Jefferson streets on 16 February 1852 on 68 dollars of capital.
South Bend
- 1826–2026The era structure: five parts, every fortune assigned
Trading and land (1826–1880): the treaty grants (the article above) and the prairie holders — Reynolds, Clark and Ranstead, 7,433 acres together — sized in the sector article below.
New Carlisle
- 1827The survey: a fence run before the cession
An act of 2 March 1827 authorized the marking of the line, and Surveyor General Edward Tiffin contracted deputy Eleazer P. Kendrick, whose field notes open on 8 October 1827 at the lake's southern extremity: from the 1817 corner he ran east, setting a wooden post at every mile, to the 105th mile.
Granger
- 1827–1907Plumb the merchant and Smith the station agent: the village's two working men of record
Henry S. Plumb (Chapman, p. 834) is the earliest Osceola merchant the assigned sources name by name and date: born in Delaware County, Ohio, 23 August 1827, son of George and Abbie Plumb; three years in Iowa and three in Illinois; then the war…
Osceola
- 1828The taking, instrument by instrument: the cession of 1828
This ground's Indian title was extinguished by one instrument, and the instrument's own terms are the record: The treaty concluded 20 September 1828 "at the Missionary Establishments upon the St. Joseph, of Lake Michigan" — Carey Mission, by present Niles…
Granger
- 1828The taking: the Treaty of St. Joseph, 20 September 1828 — the second cession
The townsite was ceded by the second cession of the Potawatomi treaty concluded at the Missionary Establishments upon the St. Joseph on 20 September 1828.
Lakeville
- 1828The cession as a transaction, and the reserve test
The townsite's Indian title was extinguished by one instrument, and the instrument's own terms are the record: The treaty concluded 20 September 1828 "at the Missionary Establishments upon the St. Joseph, of Lake Michigan" — Carey Mission, by present Niles…
Mishawaka
- 18281828: the Carey Mission treaty takes ground on both sides of this strip — not this strip
The town lies in the gap between the 1828 treaty's two cessions.
New Carlisle
- 1828The 1828 treaty, tested: it did not take this ground
The Treaty of St. Joseph of 1828 — the taking instrument for ground north and east of here — stops at a meridian east of the townsite.
North Liberty
- 1828–1860First crops and the orchard seeds: the prairie broken, and Edmund Byrkit's apples
The first farming of Penn Township was subsistence at the edge of someone else's market: the Moats on section 17 from 1828, the roll of first settlers the People leg carries whole — Holt, Skinner, Cottrell, Curtis, the Byrkits, the Irelands…
Osceola
- 1828–2026The frame: two bands, one township, and a town that moved
The frame: Band 1 of this section runs from the first settlers of 1828 to the generation Howard interviewed in 1907; its stage is the town of Osceola and Penn Township's farm country outside the city of Mishawaka, which shares the township and takes its own people in its own build.
Osceola
- 1829The federal survey as a map event
The first map of this ground that the record proves is the United States survey itself: the rectangular grid laid over the cession of 1826, which fixed the township lines, the sections, and — in the fall of 1829 — the very quarter-sections on which the town would stand.
New Carlisle
- 1829–1830The Rumpus Over the Name: How South Bend Stayed South Bend
The documented core: the place's first post office, applied for in 1829, went onto the federal books as Southold — addressed, in the postal geography of the day, to Allen County, Indiana.
South Bend
- 1829–1863Colonization — the Offer, the Machinery, and the County's Answer
The Indiana Colonization Society was organised at Indianapolis in 1829 as an auxiliary of the American Colonization Society.
Lakeville
- 1829–1863Colonization: the state's Liberia machinery, and this county's answer
The Indiana Colonization Society, organized at Indianapolis in 1829 as an auxiliary of the American Colonization Society, promoted the removal of free Black Hoosiers to Liberia through its newspaper, The Colonizationist , under John D. Defrees.
Mishawaka
- 1829–1906Names that run through the record: the Comptons and the publisher's family
Hugh V. Compton, born 18 September 1829 in Butler County, Ohio, brought to this county at six, kept "a first-class livery stable" in New Carlisle and owned it with a 150-acre farm; in 1880 he rode as a "rider" — a sworn constable for the purpose…
New Carlisle
- 1829–2014The road: Michigan Road, plank road, U.S. 31, SR 931
The Michigan Road was Indiana's first great north–south highway, built with the proceeds of the road-land grant of the 1826 treaty (the land section carries the grant): surveyed 1829, passable by 1834, "completed" in 1837, at a cost of $242,000 (Indiana Historical Bureau marker text), opened a hundred feet wide and…
Lakeville